Beyond CTLA-4 and PD-1, the Generation Z of Negative Checkpoint Regulators
In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to ef...
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| Published in: | Frontiers in immunology Vol. 6; p. 418 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Switzerland
Frontiers Media S.A
21.08.2015
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| ISSN: | 1664-3224, 1664-3224 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy. |
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| AbstractList | In the last two years, clinical trials with blocking antibodies to the negative checkpoint regulators CTLA-4 and PD-1 have rekindled the hope for cancer immunotherapy. Multiple negative checkpoint regulators protect the host against autoimmune reactions but also restrict the ability of T cells to effectively attack tumors. Releasing these brakes has emerged as an exciting strategy for cancer treatment. Conversely, these pathways can be manipulated to achieve durable tolerance for treatment of autoimmune diseases and transplantation. In the future, treatment may involve combination therapy to target multiple cell types and stages of the adaptive immune responses. In this review, we describe the current knowledge on the recently discovered negative checkpoint regulators, future targets for immunotherapy. |
| Author | Le Mercier, Isabelle Noelle, Randolph J. Lines, J. Louise |
| AuthorAffiliation | 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth , Lebanon, NH , USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Isabelle surname: Le Mercier fullname: Le Mercier, Isabelle – sequence: 2 givenname: J. Louise surname: Lines fullname: Lines, J. Louise – sequence: 3 givenname: Randolph J. surname: Noelle fullname: Noelle, Randolph J. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26347741$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | Copyright © 2015 Le Mercier, Lines and Noelle. 2015 Le Mercier, Lines and Noelle |
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| Keywords | VISTA autoimmunity LAG-3 cancer immunotherapy BTLA negative checkpoint regulators TIGIT TIM-3 |
| Language | English |
| License | This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. |
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| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 Specialty section: This article was submitted to Immunological Tolerance, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology Reviewed by: Ye Zheng, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, USA; William L. Redmond, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, USA; Vasileios Bekiaris, Danish Technical University, Denmark Edited by: Karina Pino-Lagos, Universidad de los Andes, Chile |
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