Pathogenesis and Current Treatment Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review Article
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical, and inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. It has been recorded that RA affects 0.5%-1% of the adult population of developed regi...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Annals of African medicine Vol. 24; no. 3; p. 532 |
|---|---|
| Main Author: | |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
India
01.07.2025
|
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0975-5764, 0975-5764 |
| Online Access: | Get more information |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical, and inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. It has been recorded that RA affects 0.5%-1% of the adult population of developed regions. It initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. Often, the bone and cartilage of joints are destroyed, and tendons and ligaments weaken. All this damage to the joints causes deformities and bone erosion, usually very painful for a patient. RA by producing inflammatory cytokines and proteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases that perpetuate joint destruction by abnormal proliferation of synovium. Under the influence of synovial cells, cytokines such as - Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-17 chondrocytes are destroyed by apoptosis. Again the extracellular matrix secretes a proteinase called MMPs that damages the type 2 collagen fibers of the cartilage matrix causing biomechanical changes to the joint movements. This way with destruction of articular cartilage of the joint surface by hyperplastic synovium leads to a reduction of joint space. The difference between the hyaline cartilage of the articular surface and other hyaline cartilage is that articular hyaline cartilage never undergoes regeneration. With limited membrane permeability and poor gastrointestinal stability, monoclonal antibodies (mABs) do not have good oral bioavailability (<1%). For this reason, they are usually not administered orally, and parenteral administration is mostly by intravenous, subcutaneous (SC), and intramuscular (IM) injections. When mABs are injected IM or SC, the absorption process from the site of injection is through the interstitial space and into the lymphatic system, with subsequent draining into the systemic circulation. Although IM and SC routes of administration offer lower bioavailability because of proteolytic degradation in the interstitial fluid or the lymphatic system, the SC route is the most widely used due to convenience and the possibility of patient self-administration. For these last two routes of administration, the peak plasma concentration after a single dose is achieved 3-7 days after administration, due to the slow absorption into the systemic circulation. Other potential routes of administration include intravitreal, intraperitoneal, and pulmonary. CRD NUMBER-42024601637. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical, and inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. It has been recorded that RA affects 0.5%-1% of the adult population of developed regions. It initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. Often, the bone and cartilage of joints are destroyed, and tendons and ligaments weaken. All this damage to the joints causes deformities and bone erosion, usually very painful for a patient. RA by producing inflammatory cytokines and proteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases that perpetuate joint destruction by abnormal proliferation of synovium. Under the influence of synovial cells, cytokines such as - Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-17 chondrocytes are destroyed by apoptosis. Again the extracellular matrix secretes a proteinase called MMPs that damages the type 2 collagen fibers of the cartilage matrix causing biomechanical changes to the joint movements. This way with destruction of articular cartilage of the joint surface by hyperplastic synovium leads to a reduction of joint space. The difference between the hyaline cartilage of the articular surface and other hyaline cartilage is that articular hyaline cartilage never undergoes regeneration. With limited membrane permeability and poor gastrointestinal stability, monoclonal antibodies (mABs) do not have good oral bioavailability (<1%). For this reason, they are usually not administered orally, and parenteral administration is mostly by intravenous, subcutaneous (SC), and intramuscular (IM) injections. When mABs are injected IM or SC, the absorption process from the site of injection is through the interstitial space and into the lymphatic system, with subsequent draining into the systemic circulation. Although IM and SC routes of administration offer lower bioavailability because of proteolytic degradation in the interstitial fluid or the lymphatic system, the SC route is the most widely used due to convenience and the possibility of patient self-administration. For these last two routes of administration, the peak plasma concentration after a single dose is achieved 3-7 days after administration, due to the slow absorption into the systemic circulation. Other potential routes of administration include intravitreal, intraperitoneal, and pulmonary. CRD NUMBER-42024601637. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical, and inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. It has been recorded that RA affects 0.5%-1% of the adult population of developed regions. It initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. Often, the bone and cartilage of joints are destroyed, and tendons and ligaments weaken. All this damage to the joints causes deformities and bone erosion, usually very painful for a patient. RA by producing inflammatory cytokines and proteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases that perpetuate joint destruction by abnormal proliferation of synovium. Under the influence of synovial cells, cytokines such as - Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-17 chondrocytes are destroyed by apoptosis. Again the extracellular matrix secretes a proteinase called MMPs that damages the type 2 collagen fibers of the cartilage matrix causing biomechanical changes to the joint movements. This way with destruction of articular cartilage of the joint surface by hyperplastic synovium leads to a reduction of joint space. The difference between the hyaline cartilage of the articular surface and other hyaline cartilage is that articular hyaline cartilage never undergoes regeneration. With limited membrane permeability and poor gastrointestinal stability, monoclonal antibodies (mABs) do not have good oral bioavailability (<1%). For this reason, they are usually not administered orally, and parenteral administration is mostly by intravenous, subcutaneous (SC), and intramuscular (IM) injections. When mABs are injected IM or SC, the absorption process from the site of injection is through the interstitial space and into the lymphatic system, with subsequent draining into the systemic circulation. Although IM and SC routes of administration offer lower bioavailability because of proteolytic degradation in the interstitial fluid or the lymphatic system, the SC route is the most widely used due to convenience and the possibility of patient self-administration. For these last two routes of administration, the peak plasma concentration after a single dose is achieved 3-7 days after administration, due to the slow absorption into the systemic circulation. Other potential routes of administration include intravitreal, intraperitoneal, and pulmonary. CRD NUMBER-42024601637.Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical, and inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. It has been recorded that RA affects 0.5%-1% of the adult population of developed regions. It initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and eventually the skin, eyes, heart, kidneys, and lungs. Often, the bone and cartilage of joints are destroyed, and tendons and ligaments weaken. All this damage to the joints causes deformities and bone erosion, usually very painful for a patient. RA by producing inflammatory cytokines and proteinases, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases that perpetuate joint destruction by abnormal proliferation of synovium. Under the influence of synovial cells, cytokines such as - Interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-17 chondrocytes are destroyed by apoptosis. Again the extracellular matrix secretes a proteinase called MMPs that damages the type 2 collagen fibers of the cartilage matrix causing biomechanical changes to the joint movements. This way with destruction of articular cartilage of the joint surface by hyperplastic synovium leads to a reduction of joint space. The difference between the hyaline cartilage of the articular surface and other hyaline cartilage is that articular hyaline cartilage never undergoes regeneration. With limited membrane permeability and poor gastrointestinal stability, monoclonal antibodies (mABs) do not have good oral bioavailability (<1%). For this reason, they are usually not administered orally, and parenteral administration is mostly by intravenous, subcutaneous (SC), and intramuscular (IM) injections. When mABs are injected IM or SC, the absorption process from the site of injection is through the interstitial space and into the lymphatic system, with subsequent draining into the systemic circulation. Although IM and SC routes of administration offer lower bioavailability because of proteolytic degradation in the interstitial fluid or the lymphatic system, the SC route is the most widely used due to convenience and the possibility of patient self-administration. For these last two routes of administration, the peak plasma concentration after a single dose is achieved 3-7 days after administration, due to the slow absorption into the systemic circulation. Other potential routes of administration include intravitreal, intraperitoneal, and pulmonary. CRD NUMBER-42024601637. |
| Author | Deka, Debajani |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Debajani surname: Deka fullname: Deka, Debajani organization: Department of Anatomy, Pragjyotishpur Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, India |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40317112$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNpNUN1LwzAcDDJxH_roq-TRl84kTdLWtzH8goGyzeeSNr-ukTadSarsv7fDCT4cd3DHwd0UjWxnAaFrSuackvhOqXY-IKc0Z_wMTUiWiEgkko_-6TGaev9BCBdCigs05iSmCaVsgoo3FepuBxa88VhZjZe9c2AD3jpQoT2qTXAqwM6Ax8bidQ19q0JnNF64UDsTjL_HC7w5-ACDYUq8hi8D30fblA1covNKNR6uTjxD748P2-VztHp9elkuVlEpWGojLSHlCdVFXFaV4kUiuGIZ1bLMUlElpJJZyWRFNGGsiDkRKRRZWoAAzplOJZuh29_eves-e_Ahb40voWmUha73eczIMDsVsRiiN6doX7Sg870zrXKH_O8X9gOMsWfn |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Copyright © 2025 Annals of African Medicine. |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Copyright © 2025 Annals of African Medicine. |
| DBID | CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 7X8 |
| DOI | 10.4103/aam.aam_11_24 |
| DatabaseName | Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitle | MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7X8 name: MEDLINE - Academic url: https://search.proquest.com/medline sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | no_fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine |
| EISSN | 0975-5764 |
| ExternalDocumentID | 40317112 |
| Genre | Systematic Review Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- -OY 23M 2WC 4JU 53G 5GY 6J9 7X7 8G5 AAFWJ ABDBF ABJNI ABUWG ACGFS ACIHN ACUHS ADBBV ADJBI AEAQA AFKRA AHMBA ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ANHLU AOIJS AZQEC BAWUL BENPR BPHCQ BVXVI CGR CUY CVF DIK E3Z EBD EBS ECM EIF EJD EMOBN EOJEC ESX F5P FYUFA GUQSH GX1 HYE IAO IEA IHR IHW INH INR ITC KQ8 KWQ M1P M2O MK0 NPM OBODZ OK1 OVD OVT P2P P6G PGMZT PIMPY PQQKQ PROAC PSQYO RBI RMW RNS RPM SV3 TEORI TR2 TUS UKHRP XSB ~8M 7X8 |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c528n-d6e8471db3cffa4b754a291d6c985f70f69c26f0d022b34058eb98be5e442d862 |
| IEDL.DBID | 7X8 |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 1 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001583639400005&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 0975-5764 |
| IngestDate | Sat Nov 01 14:26:27 EDT 2025 Fri Aug 29 02:29:42 EDT 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | false |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 3 |
| Keywords | Antibodies etc joint synovium os etc articulation cartilage bone rhumatoïdes rheumatoid Anticorps |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2025 Annals of African Medicine. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c528n-d6e8471db3cffa4b754a291d6c985f70f69c26f0d022b34058eb98be5e442d862 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-3 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://doi.org/10.4103/aam.aam_11_24 |
| PMID | 40317112 |
| PQID | 3200318535 |
| PQPubID | 23479 |
| ParticipantIDs | proquest_miscellaneous_3200318535 pubmed_primary_40317112 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2025-07-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2025-07-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 07 year: 2025 text: 2025-07-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | India |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: India |
| PublicationTitle | Annals of African medicine |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Ann Afr Med |
| PublicationYear | 2025 |
| SSID | ssj0045565 |
| Score | 2.341272 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, symmetrical, and inflammatory autoimmune disease that initially affects small joints, progressing to larger joints, and... |
| SourceID | proquest pubmed |
| SourceType | Aggregation Database Index Database |
| StartPage | 532 |
| SubjectTerms | Antirheumatic Agents - therapeutic use Arthritis, Rheumatoid - drug therapy Arthritis, Rheumatoid - etiology Arthritis, Rheumatoid - pathology Cytokines - metabolism Humans Matrix Metalloproteinases - metabolism |
| Title | Pathogenesis and Current Treatment Strategies in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review Article |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40317112 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3200318535 |
| Volume | 24 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos001583639400005&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1LS8NAEF7Qinjx_agvVvAam-wriRcpYvHSUrRCb2GftgeT2lB_v7N51JMgeEguYZMwOzvzzc7sfAjdciUUSSMDC4mLgMU6CgAVkYASJ8B7RUZxV5FNxKNRMp2m42bDrWzKKlubWBlqU2i_R96jpNI_TvnD4jPwrFE-u9pQaGygDgUo47U6nq6zCIzzikoyTGMeAK5mdY9NFoW0J-XHHVwAgDN_2P03dFl5mcHef_9vH-02-BL3a4U4QB2bY7c8RNvDJol-hNQYUF_x7o3cvMQyN7hp0oQnbdU5bpvW2hLPc_wysytAtsXc-BfPqj5I97iPX9dtoHGdY2i_e4zeBk-Tx-egoVoINCdJHhhhvZsyimrnJFMxZ9JPodBpwl0cOpFqIlxowOUrCiAvsSpNlOWWMWIgKjpBm3mR2zOECaVaWEMcRC4QDQkpUmlgMJVxYqlmXXTTCjADVfb5CZnbYlVmPyLsotN6FrJF3XMjY_AkBmx4_ofRF2iHeJbeqqj2EnUcLGR7hbb0F0hneV3pCNxH4-E3xR_HJw |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pathogenesis+and+Current+Treatment+Strategies+in+Rheumatoid+Arthritis%3A+A+Systematic+Review+Article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+African+medicine&rft.au=Deka%2C+Debajani&rft.date=2025-07-01&rft.eissn=0975-5764&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=3&rft.spage=532&rft_id=info:doi/10.4103%2Faam.aam_11_24&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F40317112&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F40317112&rft.externalDocID=40317112 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=0975-5764&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=0975-5764&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=0975-5764&client=summon |