The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids

Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, with the host-microbe interaction regulating immune and metabolic pathways. However, there was no firm evidence for associations between microbiota and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseas...

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Vydáno v:Circulation research Ročník 117; číslo 9; s. 817
Hlavní autoři: Fu, Jingyuan, Bonder, Marc Jan, Cenit, María Carmen, Tigchelaar, Ettje F, Maatman, Astrid, Dekens, Jackie A M, Brandsma, Eelke, Marczynska, Joanna, Imhann, Floris, Weersma, Rinse K, Franke, Lude, Poon, Tiffany W, Xavier, Ramnik J, Gevers, Dirk, Hofker, Marten H, Wijmenga, Cisca, Zhernakova, Alexandra
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: United States 09.10.2015
Témata:
Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Algorithms
Bacteria - classification
Bacteria - genetics
Body Mass Index
Cardiovascular Diseases - blood
Cardiovascular Diseases - genetics
Cardiovascular Diseases - microbiology
Cholesterol - blood
Cholesterol, HDL - blood
Cholesterol, LDL - blood
Cohort Studies
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - genetics
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Lipids - blood
Male
Middle Aged
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Risk Assessment - methods
Risk Assessment - statistics & numerical data
Risk Factors
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics
Triglycerides - blood
Young Adult
HDL
lipids
metabolism
cardiovascular diseases
body mass index
lipoproteins
ISSN:1524-4571, 1524-4571
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Abstract Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, with the host-microbe interaction regulating immune and metabolic pathways. However, there was no firm evidence for associations between microbiota and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease from large-scale studies in humans. In particular, there was no strong evidence for association between cardiovascular disease and aberrant blood lipid levels. To identify intestinal bacteria taxa, whose proportions correlate with body mass index and lipid levels, and to determine whether lipid variance can be explained by microbiota relative to age, sex, and host genetics. We studied 893 subjects from the Life-Lines-DEEP population cohort. After correcting for age and sex, we identified 34 bacterial taxa associated with body mass index and blood lipids; most are novel associations. Cross-validation analysis revealed that microbiota explain 4.5% of the variance in body mass index, 6% in triglycerides, and 4% in high-density lipoproteins, independent of age, sex, and genetic risk factors. A novel risk model, including the gut microbiome explained ≤ 25.9% of high-density lipoprotein variance, significantly outperforming the risk model without microbiome. Strikingly, the microbiome had little effect on low-density lipoproteins or total cholesterol. Our studies suggest that the gut microbiome may play an important role in the variation in body mass index and blood lipid levels, independent of age, sex, and host genetics. Our findings support the potential of therapies altering the gut microbiome to control body mass, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins.
AbstractList Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, with the host-microbe interaction regulating immune and metabolic pathways. However, there was no firm evidence for associations between microbiota and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease from large-scale studies in humans. In particular, there was no strong evidence for association between cardiovascular disease and aberrant blood lipid levels. To identify intestinal bacteria taxa, whose proportions correlate with body mass index and lipid levels, and to determine whether lipid variance can be explained by microbiota relative to age, sex, and host genetics. We studied 893 subjects from the Life-Lines-DEEP population cohort. After correcting for age and sex, we identified 34 bacterial taxa associated with body mass index and blood lipids; most are novel associations. Cross-validation analysis revealed that microbiota explain 4.5% of the variance in body mass index, 6% in triglycerides, and 4% in high-density lipoproteins, independent of age, sex, and genetic risk factors. A novel risk model, including the gut microbiome explained ≤ 25.9% of high-density lipoprotein variance, significantly outperforming the risk model without microbiome. Strikingly, the microbiome had little effect on low-density lipoproteins or total cholesterol. Our studies suggest that the gut microbiome may play an important role in the variation in body mass index and blood lipid levels, independent of age, sex, and host genetics. Our findings support the potential of therapies altering the gut microbiome to control body mass, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins.
Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, with the host-microbe interaction regulating immune and metabolic pathways. However, there was no firm evidence for associations between microbiota and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease from large-scale studies in humans. In particular, there was no strong evidence for association between cardiovascular disease and aberrant blood lipid levels.RATIONALEEvidence suggests that the gut microbiome is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, with the host-microbe interaction regulating immune and metabolic pathways. However, there was no firm evidence for associations between microbiota and metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease from large-scale studies in humans. In particular, there was no strong evidence for association between cardiovascular disease and aberrant blood lipid levels.To identify intestinal bacteria taxa, whose proportions correlate with body mass index and lipid levels, and to determine whether lipid variance can be explained by microbiota relative to age, sex, and host genetics.OBJECTIVESTo identify intestinal bacteria taxa, whose proportions correlate with body mass index and lipid levels, and to determine whether lipid variance can be explained by microbiota relative to age, sex, and host genetics.We studied 893 subjects from the Life-Lines-DEEP population cohort. After correcting for age and sex, we identified 34 bacterial taxa associated with body mass index and blood lipids; most are novel associations. Cross-validation analysis revealed that microbiota explain 4.5% of the variance in body mass index, 6% in triglycerides, and 4% in high-density lipoproteins, independent of age, sex, and genetic risk factors. A novel risk model, including the gut microbiome explained ≤ 25.9% of high-density lipoprotein variance, significantly outperforming the risk model without microbiome. Strikingly, the microbiome had little effect on low-density lipoproteins or total cholesterol.METHODS AND RESULTSWe studied 893 subjects from the Life-Lines-DEEP population cohort. After correcting for age and sex, we identified 34 bacterial taxa associated with body mass index and blood lipids; most are novel associations. Cross-validation analysis revealed that microbiota explain 4.5% of the variance in body mass index, 6% in triglycerides, and 4% in high-density lipoproteins, independent of age, sex, and genetic risk factors. A novel risk model, including the gut microbiome explained ≤ 25.9% of high-density lipoprotein variance, significantly outperforming the risk model without microbiome. Strikingly, the microbiome had little effect on low-density lipoproteins or total cholesterol.Our studies suggest that the gut microbiome may play an important role in the variation in body mass index and blood lipid levels, independent of age, sex, and host genetics. Our findings support the potential of therapies altering the gut microbiome to control body mass, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins.CONCLUSIONSOur studies suggest that the gut microbiome may play an important role in the variation in body mass index and blood lipid levels, independent of age, sex, and host genetics. Our findings support the potential of therapies altering the gut microbiome to control body mass, triglycerides, and high-density lipoproteins.
Author Fu, Jingyuan
Wijmenga, Cisca
Imhann, Floris
Weersma, Rinse K
Franke, Lude
Gevers, Dirk
Dekens, Jackie A M
Maatman, Astrid
Tigchelaar, Ettje F
Hofker, Marten H
Xavier, Ramnik J
Marczynska, Joanna
Brandsma, Eelke
Bonder, Marc Jan
Cenit, María Carmen
Zhernakova, Alexandra
Poon, Tiffany W
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  givenname: Jingyuan
  surname: Fu
  fullname: Fu, Jingyuan
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Marc Jan
  surname: Bonder
  fullname: Bonder, Marc Jan
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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  givenname: María Carmen
  surname: Cenit
  fullname: Cenit, María Carmen
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Ettje F
  surname: Tigchelaar
  fullname: Tigchelaar, Ettje F
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Astrid
  surname: Maatman
  fullname: Maatman, Astrid
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Jackie A M
  surname: Dekens
  fullname: Dekens, Jackie A M
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Eelke
  surname: Brandsma
  fullname: Brandsma, Eelke
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Joanna
  surname: Marczynska
  fullname: Marczynska, Joanna
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 9
  givenname: Floris
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  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
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  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 12
  givenname: Tiffany W
  surname: Poon
  fullname: Poon, Tiffany W
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 13
  givenname: Ramnik J
  surname: Xavier
  fullname: Xavier, Ramnik J
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 14
  givenname: Dirk
  surname: Gevers
  fullname: Gevers, Dirk
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 15
  givenname: Marten H
  surname: Hofker
  fullname: Hofker, Marten H
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 16
  givenname: Cisca
  surname: Wijmenga
  fullname: Wijmenga, Cisca
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
– sequence: 17
  givenname: Alexandra
  surname: Zhernakova
  fullname: Zhernakova, Alexandra
  organization: From the Department of Pediatrics (J.F., E.B., M.H.H.), Department of Genetics (J.F., M.J.B., M.C.C., E.F.T., A.M., J.A.M.D., J.M., L.F., C.W., A.Z.), and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (F.I., R.K.W.), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands (E.F.T., J.A.M.D., A.Z.); Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland (J.M.); Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (T.W.P., R.J.X., D.G.); and Gastrointestinal Unit and Center for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (R.J.X.) and Center for Computational and Integrative Biology (R.J.X.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26358192$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords HDL
lipids
metabolism
cardiovascular diseases
body mass index
lipoproteins
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Snippet Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome is involved in the development of cardiovascular disease, with the host-microbe interaction regulating immune and...
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StartPage 817
SubjectTerms Adolescent
Adult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Algorithms
Bacteria - classification
Bacteria - genetics
Body Mass Index
Cardiovascular Diseases - blood
Cardiovascular Diseases - genetics
Cardiovascular Diseases - microbiology
Cholesterol - blood
Cholesterol, HDL - blood
Cholesterol, LDL - blood
Cohort Studies
Female
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - genetics
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - physiology
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Lipids - blood
Male
Middle Aged
Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
Risk Assessment - methods
Risk Assessment - statistics & numerical data
Risk Factors
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics
Triglycerides - blood
Young Adult
Title The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26358192
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