How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers
An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall gene...
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| Vydáno v: | Oral oncology reports Ročník 12; s. 100662 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.12.2024
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 2772-9060, 2772-9060 |
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| Abstract | An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings. This paper has comprehensively updated the guidelines on sampling methods and sample size calculation, hence giving enough evidence that will be beneficial in assisting researchers to advance the credibility and statistical power of their research work. The differences between probability sampling techniques, including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and non-probability methods, such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and snowball sampling, have been fully explained. Probability is the only that can ensure the generalizability, while non-probability sampling is useful in exploratory situations. Another significant process is the determination of an optimal sample size, which, among other things, has to take into account the total population size, effect size, statistical power, confidence level, and margin of error. The paper contributes both theoretical guidance and practical tools that researchers need in choosing appropriate strategies for sampling and validating methodologically appropriate sample size calculations. In sum, such a paper sets the standard for best practice in research methodology that will drive reliability, validity, and empirical rigor across diverse studies.
•This article offers practical guidance for researchers on how to determine sample size calculations for their studies.•The paper explores both probability and non-probability sampling techniques, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses.•The article discusses key factors that influence sample size determination and reviews the most commonly used sample size formulas in research. |
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| AbstractList | An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings. This paper has comprehensively updated the guidelines on sampling methods and sample size calculation, hence giving enough evidence that will be beneficial in assisting researchers to advance the credibility and statistical power of their research work. The differences between probability sampling techniques, including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and non-probability methods, such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and snowball sampling, have been fully explained. Probability is the only that can ensure the generalizability, while non-probability sampling is useful in exploratory situations. Another significant process is the determination of an optimal sample size, which, among other things, has to take into account the total population size, effect size, statistical power, confidence level, and margin of error. The paper contributes both theoretical guidance and practical tools that researchers need in choosing appropriate strategies for sampling and validating methodologically appropriate sample size calculations. In sum, such a paper sets the standard for best practice in research methodology that will drive reliability, validity, and empirical rigor across diverse studies. AbstractAn appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings. This paper has comprehensively updated the guidelines on sampling methods and sample size calculation, hence giving enough evidence that will be beneficial in assisting researchers to advance the credibility and statistical power of their research work. The differences between probability sampling techniques, including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and non-probability methods, such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and snowball sampling, have been fully explained. Probability is the only that can ensure the generalizability, while non-probability sampling is useful in exploratory situations. Another significant process is the determination of an optimal sample size, which, among other things, has to take into account the total population size, effect size, statistical power, confidence level, and margin of error. The paper contributes both theoretical guidance and practical tools that researchers need in choosing appropriate strategies for sampling and validating methodologically appropriate sample size calculations. In sum, such a paper sets the standard for best practice in research methodology that will drive reliability, validity, and empirical rigor across diverse studies. An appropriate sampling technique with the exact determination of sample size involves a very vigorous selection process, which is actually vital for any empirical research. It is obvious that these methodological decisions would greatly affect the internal and external validity and the overall generalizability of the study findings. This paper has comprehensively updated the guidelines on sampling methods and sample size calculation, hence giving enough evidence that will be beneficial in assisting researchers to advance the credibility and statistical power of their research work. The differences between probability sampling techniques, including simple random sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling, and non-probability methods, such as convenience sampling, purposive sampling, and snowball sampling, have been fully explained. Probability is the only that can ensure the generalizability, while non-probability sampling is useful in exploratory situations. Another significant process is the determination of an optimal sample size, which, among other things, has to take into account the total population size, effect size, statistical power, confidence level, and margin of error. The paper contributes both theoretical guidance and practical tools that researchers need in choosing appropriate strategies for sampling and validating methodologically appropriate sample size calculations. In sum, such a paper sets the standard for best practice in research methodology that will drive reliability, validity, and empirical rigor across diverse studies. •This article offers practical guidance for researchers on how to determine sample size calculations for their studies.•The paper explores both probability and non-probability sampling techniques, highlighting their respective strengths and weaknesses.•The article discusses key factors that influence sample size determination and reviews the most commonly used sample size formulas in research. |
| ArticleNumber | 100662 |
| Author | Ahmed, Sirwan Khalid |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Sirwan Khalid orcidid: 0000-0002-8361-0546 surname: Ahmed fullname: Ahmed, Sirwan Khalid email: sirwan.k.ahmed@gmail.com, sirwan.kahmed@uor.edu.krd organization: Ministry of Health, General Health Directorate of Raparin, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46012, Iraq |
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| Cites_doi | 10.1136/eb-2014-101747 10.1177/0253717620977000 10.4103/0972-2327.91951 10.1016/j.aller.2013.03.008 10.1177/001316447003000308 |
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| Keywords | Sample size Quantitative research Sampling technique Confidence level Effect size Margin error Probability sampling Sampling process Study design Validity Survey research Sample size calculations Population size Sample size table Sampling Non-probability sampling Reliability Sample size calculation Sample size determination Probability sample nonprobability sample quantitative research Quantitative methods and statistics |
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| References | Elfil, Negida (bib1) 2017; 5 Rodríguez del Águila, González-Ramírez (bib9) 2014; 42 Shorten, Moorley (bib3) 2014; 17 Altman (bib8) 1990 Krejcie, Morgan (bib7) 1970; 30 Yamane (bib12) 1967 Cochran (bib11) 1963 Daniel, Cross (bib10) 2018 Andrade (bib2) 2020; 43 Suresh, V Thomas, Suresh (bib5) 2011; 14 Taherdoost (bib6) 2016; 5 Rahman (bib4) 2023; 11 Gill, Johnson (bib13) 2010 Altman (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib8) 1990 Andrade (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib2) 2020; 43 Yamane (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib12) 1967 Gill (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib13) 2010 Suresh (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib5) 2011; 14 Krejcie (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib7) 1970; 30 Daniel (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib10) 2018 Rahman (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib4) 2023; 11 Rodríguez del Águila (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib9) 2014; 42 Cochran (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib11) 1963 Taherdoost (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib6) 2016; 5 Elfil (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib1) 2017; 5 Shorten (10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib3) 2014; 17 |
| References_xml | – year: 2018 ident: bib10 article-title: Biostatistics: a foundation for analysis in the health sciences – volume: 5 start-page: e52 year: 2017 ident: bib1 article-title: Sampling methods in clinical research; an educational review publication-title: Emerg (Tehran, Iran) – volume: 30 start-page: 607 year: 1970 end-page: 610 ident: bib7 article-title: Determining sample size for research activities publication-title: Educ Psychol Meas – volume: 5 start-page: 18 year: 2016 end-page: 27 ident: bib6 article-title: Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling technique for research publication-title: Int J Acad Res Manag – volume: 43 start-page: 86 year: 2020 end-page: 88 ident: bib2 article-title: The inconvenient truth about convenience and purposive samples publication-title: Indian J Psychol Med – volume: 14 start-page: 287 year: 2011 end-page: 290 ident: bib5 article-title: Design, data analysis and sampling techniques for clinical research publication-title: Ann Indian Acad Neurol – year: 1963 ident: bib11 article-title: Sampling techniques – year: 1967 ident: bib12 article-title: Statistics: an introductory analysis – year: 2010 ident: bib13 article-title: Research methods for managers – volume: 42 start-page: 485 year: 2014 end-page: 492 ident: bib9 article-title: Sample size calculation publication-title: Allergol Immunopathol – volume: 17 start-page: 32 year: 2014 end-page: 33 ident: bib3 article-title: Selecting the sample publication-title: Evid Base Nurs – year: 1990 ident: bib8 article-title: Practical statistics for medical research – volume: 11 start-page: 42 year: 2023 end-page: 62 ident: bib4 article-title: Sample size determination for survey research and non-probability sampling techniques: a review and set of recommendations publication-title: J Entrep Bus Econ – volume: 5 start-page: e52 year: 2017 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib1 article-title: Sampling methods in clinical research; an educational review publication-title: Emerg (Tehran, Iran) – year: 1963 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib11 – volume: 5 start-page: 18 year: 2016 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib6 article-title: Sampling methods in research methodology; how to choose a sampling technique for research publication-title: Int J Acad Res Manag – year: 2018 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib10 – volume: 17 start-page: 32 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib3 article-title: Selecting the sample publication-title: Evid Base Nurs doi: 10.1136/eb-2014-101747 – year: 2010 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib13 – volume: 43 start-page: 86 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib2 article-title: The inconvenient truth about convenience and purposive samples publication-title: Indian J Psychol Med doi: 10.1177/0253717620977000 – year: 1967 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib12 – volume: 14 start-page: 287 year: 2011 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib5 article-title: Design, data analysis and sampling techniques for clinical research publication-title: Ann Indian Acad Neurol doi: 10.4103/0972-2327.91951 – volume: 11 start-page: 42 issue: 1 11 year: 2023 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib4 article-title: Sample size determination for survey research and non-probability sampling techniques: a review and set of recommendations publication-title: J Entrep Bus Econ – year: 1990 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib8 – volume: 42 start-page: 485 year: 2014 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib9 article-title: Sample size calculation publication-title: Allergol Immunopathol doi: 10.1016/j.aller.2013.03.008 – volume: 30 start-page: 607 year: 1970 ident: 10.1016/j.oor.2024.100662_bib7 article-title: Determining sample size for research activities publication-title: Educ Psychol Meas doi: 10.1177/001316447003000308 |
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| SubjectTerms | Confidence level Effect size Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Medicine Humanities and Social Sciences Margin error Non-probability sampling Population size Probability sampling Quantitative research Reliability Sample size Sample size calculations Sample size table Sampling Sampling process Sampling technique Statistics Study design Survey research Validity |
| Title | How to choose a sampling technique and determine sample size for research: A simplified guide for researchers |
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