Design and Validation of a PLC-Controlled Morbidostat for Investigating Bacterial Drug Resistance

During adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, any unexpected interruption in data monitoring or control could lead to the loss of valuable experimental data and compromise the integrity of the entire experiment. Most homemade mini-bioreactors are built employing microcontrollers such as Arduino....

Celý popis

Uloženo v:
Podrobná bibliografie
Vydáno v:Bioengineering (Basel) Ročník 11; číslo 8; s. 815
Hlavní autoři: Pedreira, Adrián, Vázquez, José A., Romanenko, Andrey, García, Míriam R.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.08.2024
MDPI
Témata:
adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE)
Ammonium compounds
Analysis
Antimicrobial agents
bioreactor
Bioreactors
Closed loop systems
Control algorithms
Controllers
Design
didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Drug development
Drug resistance
Drug resistance in microorganisms
E coli
Escherichia coli
Evolution
Evolution & development
International economic relations
Investigations
Monitoring
morbidostat
Operating systems
Process controls
programmable logic controller (PLC)
Programmable logic controllers
Quaternary ammonium salts
Robust control
Scientific equipment and supplies industry
Software
User interface
United States
Germany
Spain
programmable logic controller (PLC)
didecyldimethylammonium chloride
bioreactor
Escherichia coli
adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE)
morbidostat
ISSN:2306-5354, 2306-5354
On-line přístup:Získat plný text
Tagy: Přidat tag
Žádné tagy, Buďte první, kdo vytvoří štítek k tomuto záznamu!
Abstract During adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, any unexpected interruption in data monitoring or control could lead to the loss of valuable experimental data and compromise the integrity of the entire experiment. Most homemade mini-bioreactors are built employing microcontrollers such as Arduino. Although affordable, these platforms lack the robustness of the programmable logic controller (PLC), which enhances the safety and robustness of the control process. Here, we describe the design and validation of a PLC-controlled morbidostat, an innovative automated continuous-culture mini-bioreactor specifically created to study the evolutionary pathways to drug resistance in microorganisms. This morbidostat includes several improvements, both at the hardware and software level, for better online monitoring and a more robust operation. The device was validated employing Escherichia coli, exploring its adaptive evolution in the presence of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a quaternary ammonium compound widely used for its antimicrobial properties. E. coli was subjected to increasing concentrations of DDAC over 3 days. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in DDAC susceptibility, with evolved populations exhibiting substantial changes in their growth after exposure.
AbstractList During adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, any unexpected interruption in data monitoring or control could lead to the loss of valuable experimental data and compromise the integrity of the entire experiment. Most homemade mini-bioreactors are built employing microcontrollers such as Arduino. Although affordable, these platforms lack the robustness of the programmable logic controller (PLC), which enhances the safety and robustness of the control process. Here, we describe the design and validation of a PLC-controlled morbidostat, an innovative automated continuous-culture mini-bioreactor specifically created to study the evolutionary pathways to drug resistance in microorganisms. This morbidostat includes several improvements, both at the hardware and software level, for better online monitoring and a more robust operation. The device was validated employing , exploring its adaptive evolution in the presence of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a quaternary ammonium compound widely used for its antimicrobial properties. was subjected to increasing concentrations of DDAC over 3 days. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in DDAC susceptibility, with evolved populations exhibiting substantial changes in their growth after exposure.
During adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, any unexpected interruption in data monitoring or control could lead to the loss of valuable experimental data and compromise the integrity of the entire experiment. Most homemade mini-bioreactors are built employing microcontrollers such as Arduino. Although affordable, these platforms lack the robustness of the programmable logic controller (PLC), which enhances the safety and robustness of the control process. Here, we describe the design and validation of a PLC-controlled morbidostat, an innovative automated continuous-culture mini-bioreactor specifically created to study the evolutionary pathways to drug resistance in microorganisms. This morbidostat includes several improvements, both at the hardware and software level, for better online monitoring and a more robust operation. The device was validated employing Escherichia coli, exploring its adaptive evolution in the presence of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a quaternary ammonium compound widely used for its antimicrobial properties. E. coli was subjected to increasing concentrations of DDAC over 3 days. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in DDAC susceptibility, with evolved populations exhibiting substantial changes in their growth after exposure.
During adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, any unexpected interruption in data monitoring or control could lead to the loss of valuable experimental data and compromise the integrity of the entire experiment. Most homemade mini-bioreactors are built employing microcontrollers such as Arduino. Although affordable, these platforms lack the robustness of the programmable logic controller (PLC), which enhances the safety and robustness of the control process. Here, we describe the design and validation of a PLC-controlled morbidostat, an innovative automated continuous-culture mini-bioreactor specifically created to study the evolutionary pathways to drug resistance in microorganisms. This morbidostat includes several improvements, both at the hardware and software level, for better online monitoring and a more robust operation. The device was validated employing Escherichia coli, exploring its adaptive evolution in the presence of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a quaternary ammonium compound widely used for its antimicrobial properties. E. coli was subjected to increasing concentrations of DDAC over 3 days. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in DDAC susceptibility, with evolved populations exhibiting substantial changes in their growth after exposure.During adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, any unexpected interruption in data monitoring or control could lead to the loss of valuable experimental data and compromise the integrity of the entire experiment. Most homemade mini-bioreactors are built employing microcontrollers such as Arduino. Although affordable, these platforms lack the robustness of the programmable logic controller (PLC), which enhances the safety and robustness of the control process. Here, we describe the design and validation of a PLC-controlled morbidostat, an innovative automated continuous-culture mini-bioreactor specifically created to study the evolutionary pathways to drug resistance in microorganisms. This morbidostat includes several improvements, both at the hardware and software level, for better online monitoring and a more robust operation. The device was validated employing Escherichia coli, exploring its adaptive evolution in the presence of didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), a quaternary ammonium compound widely used for its antimicrobial properties. E. coli was subjected to increasing concentrations of DDAC over 3 days. Our results demonstrated a significant increase in DDAC susceptibility, with evolved populations exhibiting substantial changes in their growth after exposure.
Audience Academic
Author Romanenko, Andrey
García, Míriam R.
Vázquez, José A.
Pedreira, Adrián
AuthorAffiliation 1 Biosystems and Bioprocess Engineering Group (Bio2Eng), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; apedreira@iim.csic.es
3 CIENGIS Lda, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal; andrey.romanenko@ciengis.com
2 Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; jvazquez@iim.csic.es
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 2 Group of Recycling and Valorization of Waste Materials (REVAL), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; jvazquez@iim.csic.es
– name: 1 Biosystems and Bioprocess Engineering Group (Bio2Eng), Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Rúa Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain; apedreira@iim.csic.es
– name: 3 CIENGIS Lda, Rua Pedro Nunes, 3030-199 Coimbra, Portugal; andrey.romanenko@ciengis.com
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Adrián
  orcidid: 0000-0002-7843-4111
  surname: Pedreira
  fullname: Pedreira, Adrián
– sequence: 2
  givenname: José A.
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1122-4726
  surname: Vázquez
  fullname: Vázquez, José A.
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Andrey
  orcidid: 0000-0003-0355-1580
  surname: Romanenko
  fullname: Romanenko, Andrey
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Míriam R.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-9538-6388
  surname: García
  fullname: García, Míriam R.
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39199773$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
BookMark eNptkltrFDEUxwep2Fr7FUrAF1-m5jqXJ6lbLwsriqiv4SQ5GbPMJjUzW-i3N-vW2pWSh4ST3_mfC__n1VFMEavqnNELIXr62oSEcQgRMYc4MEY72jH1pDrhgja1EkoePXgfV2fTtKaUMsEVb-Sz6lj0rO_bVpxUcIVTGCKB6MgPGIODOaRIkidAvqwW9SLFOadxREc-pWyCS9MMM_Epk2W8wWkOQ8mIA3kLdi7twEiu8nYgX4tsIaPFF9VTD-OEZ3f3afX9_btvi4_16vOH5eJyVVvFxVyDBPReGa6cNUA5Aye9aYWnjCoOfUelaWhjpFSNV53rug64tdiUdEMdE6fVcq_rEqz1dQ4byLc6QdB_AikPGvIc7Ii6EcL3nKFTrZFGWaCloHGosKeNtFi03uy1rrdmg85iWQKMB6KHPzH81EO60YwJxTq16-bVnUJOv7ZlT3oTJovjCBHTdtKC9j2TXLWioC__Q9dpm2PZ1Y5qOyGF6v9RA5QJQvSpFLY7UX3Z0Vb0jeBtoS4eocpxuAm2uMiHEj9IOH846f2Ifx1SgGYP2JymKaO_RxjVOzfqx90ofgO2_tVp
Cites_doi 10.1038/nprot.2013.021
10.1128/AAC.00043-17
10.2514/6.2019-0502
10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00109-6
10.2139/ssrn.4825402
10.3389/fmicb.2021.776909
10.7554/eLife.32976
10.3390/foods13121831
10.1017/CBO9780511808265
10.1145/2593458.2593469
10.3389/fmicb.2022.758237
10.12688/f1000research.18861.2
10.3389/fmicb.2017.02626
10.1371/journal.pbio.1002299
ContentType Journal Article
Copyright COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG
2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
2024 by the authors. 2024
Copyright_xml – notice: COPYRIGHT 2024 MDPI AG
– notice: 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
– notice: 2024 by the authors. 2024
DBID AAYXX
CITATION
NPM
8FE
8FG
8FH
ABJCF
ABUWG
AFKRA
AZQEC
BBNVY
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
CCPQU
DWQXO
GNUQQ
HCIFZ
L6V
LK8
M7P
M7S
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PKEHL
PQEST
PQGLB
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
PTHSS
7X8
5PM
DOA
DOI 10.3390/bioengineering11080815
DatabaseName CrossRef
PubMed
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest Technology Collection
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest Central (Alumni)
ProQuest Central UK/Ireland
ProQuest Central Essentials
Biological Science Collection
ProQuest Central
Technology collection
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Central
ProQuest Central Student
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest Engineering Collection
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
Biological Science Database (ProQuest)
Engineering Database
ProQuest Central Premium
ProQuest One Academic (New)
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest One Academic (retired)
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
ProQuest Central China
Engineering Collection
MEDLINE - Academic
PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)
DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
DatabaseTitle CrossRef
PubMed
Publicly Available Content Database
ProQuest Central Student
Technology Collection
ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New)
ProQuest Central Essentials
ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)
SciTech Premium Collection
ProQuest One Community College
ProQuest Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central China
ProQuest Central
ProQuest One Applied & Life Sciences
ProQuest Engineering Collection
Natural Science Collection
ProQuest Central Korea
Biological Science Collection
ProQuest Central (New)
Engineering Collection
Engineering Database
ProQuest Biological Science Collection
ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition
ProQuest Technology Collection
Biological Science Database
ProQuest SciTech Collection
ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition
Materials Science & Engineering Collection
ProQuest One Academic
ProQuest One Academic (New)
MEDLINE - Academic
DatabaseTitleList PubMed


CrossRef

MEDLINE - Academic
Publicly Available Content Database
Database_xml – sequence: 1
  dbid: DOA
  name: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  url: https://www.doaj.org/
  sourceTypes: Open Website
– sequence: 2
  dbid: NPM
  name: PubMed
  url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed
  sourceTypes: Index Database
– sequence: 3
  dbid: PIMPY
  name: Publicly Available Content Database
  url: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent
  sourceTypes: Aggregation Database
DeliveryMethod fulltext_linktorsrc
Discipline Engineering
EISSN 2306-5354
ExternalDocumentID oai_doaj_org_article_633f921ed57b4b5ca0a02bde5e9064ce
PMC11351851
A807396327
39199773
10_3390_bioengineering11080815
Genre Journal Article
GeographicLocations United States
Germany
Spain
GeographicLocations_xml – name: Spain
– name: Germany
– name: United States
GrantInformation_xml – fundername: Xunta de Galicia
  grantid: IN607B 2021/11
– fundername: Xunta de Galicia
  grantid: IN606A-2020/028
– fundername: MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
  grantid: PID2022-136817OB-I00
– fundername: MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
  grantid: DPI2014-54085-JIN
– fundername: “ERDF A way of making Europe”
  grantid: PID2022-136817OB-I00; DPI2014-54085-JIN
– fundername: MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033
– fundername: Xunta de Galicia
  grantid: IN606A-2020/028; IN607B 2021/11
GroupedDBID 53G
5VS
8FE
8FG
8FH
AAFWJ
AAYXX
ABDBF
ABJCF
ACUHS
ADBBV
AFFHD
AFKRA
AFPKN
ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS
AOIJS
BBNVY
BCNDV
BENPR
BGLVJ
BHPHI
CCPQU
CITATION
GROUPED_DOAJ
HCIFZ
HYE
IAO
IHR
INH
ITC
KQ8
L6V
LK8
M7P
M7S
MODMG
M~E
OK1
PGMZT
PHGZM
PHGZT
PIMPY
PQGLB
PROAC
PTHSS
RPM
NPM
ABUWG
AZQEC
DWQXO
GNUQQ
PKEHL
PQEST
PQQKQ
PQUKI
PRINS
7X8
PUEGO
5PM
ID FETCH-LOGICAL-c523t-a4aeff5b25dcba021ad4fb73f01052a9804b606b4456f58d888a2cce6c52b0d13
IEDL.DBID DOA
ISICitedReferencesCount 0
ISICitedReferencesURI http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=001306849300001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
ISSN 2306-5354
IngestDate Mon Nov 10 04:25:58 EST 2025
Tue Nov 04 02:05:40 EST 2025
Fri Sep 05 14:37:11 EDT 2025
Fri Jul 25 11:40:09 EDT 2025
Tue Nov 11 10:55:24 EST 2025
Tue Nov 04 18:27:49 EST 2025
Mon Jul 21 05:54:42 EDT 2025
Sat Nov 29 07:18:08 EST 2025
IsDoiOpenAccess true
IsOpenAccess true
IsPeerReviewed true
IsScholarly true
Issue 8
Keywords programmable logic controller (PLC)
didecyldimethylammonium chloride
bioreactor
Escherichia coli
adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE)
morbidostat
Language English
License Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
LinkModel DirectLink
MergedId FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c523t-a4aeff5b25dcba021ad4fb73f01052a9804b606b4456f58d888a2cce6c52b0d13
Notes ObjectType-Article-1
SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1
ObjectType-Feature-2
content type line 14
content type line 23
ORCID 0000-0002-7843-4111
0000-0003-0355-1580
0000-0002-1122-4726
0000-0001-9538-6388
OpenAccessLink https://doaj.org/article/633f921ed57b4b5ca0a02bde5e9064ce
PMID 39199773
PQID 3097834359
PQPubID 2055440
ParticipantIDs doaj_primary_oai_doaj_org_article_633f921ed57b4b5ca0a02bde5e9064ce
pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_11351851
proquest_miscellaneous_3099142573
proquest_journals_3097834359
gale_infotracmisc_A807396327
gale_infotracacademiconefile_A807396327
pubmed_primary_39199773
crossref_primary_10_3390_bioengineering11080815
PublicationCentury 2000
PublicationDate 2024-08-01
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2024-08-01
PublicationDate_xml – month: 08
  year: 2024
  text: 2024-08-01
  day: 01
PublicationDecade 2020
PublicationPlace Switzerland
PublicationPlace_xml – name: Switzerland
– name: Basel
PublicationTitle Bioengineering (Basel)
PublicationTitleAlternate Bioengineering (Basel)
PublicationYear 2024
Publisher MDPI AG
MDPI
Publisher_xml – name: MDPI AG
– name: MDPI
References Toprak (ref_2) 2013; 8
(ref_12) 2018; 27
ref_14
Murado (ref_15) 2002; 31
ref_13
ref_23
Willmann (ref_7) 2017; 61
ref_11
ref_22
Coates (ref_20) 2018; 7
ref_1
Javed (ref_8) 2018; 73
ref_3
ref_19
ref_18
Ziv (ref_10) 2013; 80
ref_17
ref_16
ref_9
Verhoeven (ref_4) 2020; 8
ref_5
Leyn (ref_21) 2021; 7
ref_6
References_xml – volume: 8
  start-page: 555
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_2
  article-title: Building a morbidostat: An automated continuous-culture device for studying bacterial drug resistance under dynamically sustained drug inhibition
  publication-title: Nat. Protoc.
  doi: 10.1038/nprot.2013.021
– volume: 61
  start-page: e00043-17
  year: 2017
  ident: ref_7
  article-title: Rapid and Consistent Evolution of Colistin Resistance in Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa during Morbidostat Culture
  publication-title: Antimicrob. Agents Chemother.
  doi: 10.1128/AAC.00043-17
– ident: ref_6
– ident: ref_9
  doi: 10.2514/6.2019-0502
– volume: 31
  start-page: 439
  year: 2002
  ident: ref_15
  article-title: Dose–response relationships: An overview, a generative model and its application to the verification of descriptive models
  publication-title: Enzym. Microb. Technol.
  doi: 10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00109-6
– ident: ref_11
– ident: ref_22
  doi: 10.2139/ssrn.4825402
– ident: ref_17
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.776909
– volume: 7
  start-page: e32976
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_20
  article-title: Antibiotic-induced population fluctuations and stochastic clearance of bacteria
  publication-title: eLife
  doi: 10.7554/eLife.32976
– volume: 73
  start-page: 3368
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_8
  article-title: Colistin susceptibility test evaluation of multiple-resistance-level Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates generated in a morbidostat device
  publication-title: J. Antimicrob. Chemother.
– ident: ref_14
  doi: 10.3390/foods13121831
– ident: ref_16
  doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511808265
– ident: ref_13
– ident: ref_5
  doi: 10.1145/2593458.2593469
– ident: ref_23
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.758237
– ident: ref_1
– ident: ref_18
– volume: 27
  start-page: 1668
  year: 2018
  ident: ref_12
  article-title: Output feedback linearization of turbidostats after time scaling
  publication-title: IEEE Trans. Control Syst. Technol.
– volume: 8
  start-page: 560
  year: 2020
  ident: ref_4
  article-title: Construction and optimization of a ‘NG Morbidostat’—An automated continuous-culture device for studying the pathways towards antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae
  publication-title: F1000Research
  doi: 10.12688/f1000research.18861.2
– ident: ref_19
  doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02626
– ident: ref_3
  doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002299
– volume: 7
  start-page: 000553
  year: 2021
  ident: ref_21
  article-title: Experimental evolution in morbidostat reveals converging genomic trajectories on the path to triclosan resistance
  publication-title: Microb. Genom.
– volume: 80
  start-page: e50168
  year: 2013
  ident: ref_10
  article-title: The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology
  publication-title: JOVE
SSID ssj0001325264
Score 2.2635872
Snippet During adaptive laboratory evolution experiments, any unexpected interruption in data monitoring or control could lead to the loss of valuable experimental...
SourceID doaj
pubmedcentral
proquest
gale
pubmed
crossref
SourceType Open Website
Open Access Repository
Aggregation Database
Index Database
StartPage 815
SubjectTerms adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE)
Ammonium compounds
Analysis
Antimicrobial agents
bioreactor
Bioreactors
Closed loop systems
Control algorithms
Controllers
Design
didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Drug development
Drug resistance
Drug resistance in microorganisms
E coli
Escherichia coli
Evolution
Evolution & development
International economic relations
Investigations
Monitoring
morbidostat
Operating systems
Process controls
programmable logic controller (PLC)
Programmable logic controllers
Quaternary ammonium salts
Robust control
Scientific equipment and supplies industry
Software
User interface
SummonAdditionalLinks – databaseName: ProQuest Central
  dbid: BENPR
  link: http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV1Jj9MwFH6CGQ7MgX0JDMhISJyiJrHdJCc07cyIA1TVCNDcIq-lEkpm0pbfz3uJu0QgLlzjJbbebj9_D-C9TDKbUZY42kYVCy3pktD5WNpEjYW0VNSsKzaRz2bF9XU5Dwduq5BWudWJnaK2jaEz8hHvHhygcS8_3tzGVDWKbldDCY27cExIZcjnx5OL2fxqf8rCM4kmv38azDG-H-ll4_ZIf5QEj0ZRDqxSB97_p4o-sFHD_MkDg3T58H-38ggeBFeUnfW88xjuuPoJnBwAFD4Fdd4leDBVW_YdPfa-ABNrPFNs_nkaT_tE95_Osi9Nq5e2oQdKDB1hdgDgUS_YpAeFxt-dt5sFu8JpyS017hl8u7z4Ov0Uh6IMscGYdR0roZz3UmfSGq3QQ1BWeJ1zT6U2M1UWidAYFGmBnpmXhcUIW2XGuDEO14lN-XM4qpvavQQmUy9NmhslLQaBQipvtXRaORyEk4oIRluiVDc99kaFMQuRsfo7GSOYEO12vQk7u_vQtIsqiGI15tyXWeqszDUyp1EJbkNbJ12J_plxEXwgylck4Uheo8JDBVw0YWVVZwXdbo55lkdwOuiJkmmGzVv6V0EzrKo98SN4t2umkZTtVrtm0_UpU1KmPIIXPavttsRLSg2ilmLAhIM9D1vq5Y8ONzylaozoYb_697pew32UXtFnOZ7C0brduDdwz_xaL1ft2yBhvwGqQzPY
  priority: 102
  providerName: ProQuest
Title Design and Validation of a PLC-Controlled Morbidostat for Investigating Bacterial Drug Resistance
URI https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39199773
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3097834359
https://www.proquest.com/docview/3099142573
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC11351851
https://doaj.org/article/633f921ed57b4b5ca0a02bde5e9064ce
Volume 11
WOSCitedRecordID wos001306849300001&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D
hasFullText 1
inHoldings 1
isFullTextHit
isPrint
journalDatabaseRights – providerCode: PRVAON
  databaseName: DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2306-5354
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001325264
  issn: 2306-5354
  databaseCode: DOA
  dateStart: 20140101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/
  providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals
– providerCode: PRVHPJ
  databaseName: ROAD: Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2306-5354
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001325264
  issn: 2306-5354
  databaseCode: M~E
  dateStart: 20140101
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://road.issn.org
  providerName: ISSN International Centre
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Biological Science Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2306-5354
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001325264
  issn: 2306-5354
  databaseCode: M7P
  dateStart: 20140301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/biologicalscijournals
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Engineering Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2306-5354
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001325264
  issn: 2306-5354
  databaseCode: M7S
  dateStart: 20140301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: ProQuest Central
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2306-5354
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001325264
  issn: 2306-5354
  databaseCode: BENPR
  dateStart: 20140301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central
  providerName: ProQuest
– providerCode: PRVPQU
  databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database
  customDbUrl:
  eissn: 2306-5354
  dateEnd: 99991231
  omitProxy: false
  ssIdentifier: ssj0001325264
  issn: 2306-5354
  databaseCode: PIMPY
  dateStart: 20140301
  isFulltext: true
  titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent
  providerName: ProQuest
link http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwrV1Lj9MwEB7BwgEOiDeBpTISEqeoSRw3yXHb7QoktoqWh8op8nOphBLUbTny25mxsyURSFy45NCx3WQenpnk8wzAa5FkJiOUOPpGGedK0EdC62JhEjnLhaGmZr7ZRLFalet1VQ9afREmLJQHDoybzjh3VZZaIwqFS2mZyCRTxgpboTfVlnbfpKgGyZR_u8Izga4-HAnmmNdP1aazvyv8EfgdnaEYeSNftP_PrXngm8a4yYEjOrsP9_oIkp2EO38AN2z7EO4O6go-AnnqcRlMtoZ9xkA79E1inWOS1e8X8SLg079Zw867rdqYjs4VMYxf2aDuRnvJ5qGWM_7d6XZ_yS5wWYomtX0Mn86WHxdv476XQqwx1dzFMpfWOaEyYbRCDqbS5E4V3FGHzExWZZIrzGVUjgGVE6XBxFhmWtsZTleJSfkTOGq71j4DJlIndFpoKQzmbrmQzihhlbQ4CRfNI5he87T5HkpmNJhqkBSav0shgjmx_jCaSl77H1ARml4Rmn8pQgRvSHANGSZKR8v-fAHeNJW4ak5K-ig541kRwfFoJBqUHpOvRd_0Bn3VcH_eBWPLKoJXBzLNJJBaa7u9H1OltAfyCJ4GTTk8Eq8I0UOUcqRDo2ceU9rNV1_uO6UmihgYP_8fXHoBd9A08wBhPIaj3XZvX8Jt_WO3udpO4GaxLidwa75c1RcTb1ITQsPW_vqBrj-XSK_fnddffgF7Lyxy
linkProvider Directory of Open Access Journals
linkToHtml http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Jb9NAFH4qKRJwYF8MBQYJxMmK7fHE9gGhNqFq1CSKUEHlZGZziITskgXEn-I38p6XJBaIWw9cPYs99jfve8_zFoCXwgtMQF7iyI3SDZWgQ0KbucJ4shcKQ0XNymIT0WQSn58n0z341cTCkFtlIxNLQW0KTf_Iu7wMOEByT95efHOpahSdrjYlNCpYnNqfP9BkW74ZDvD7vgqC43dn_RO3rirgajS6Vq4Mpc0yoQJhtJJIcdKEmYp4RrUiA5nEXqhQq1chqhaZiA2aiDLQ2vZwuPKMz3HeK7AfIti9DuxPh-Ppp-1fHR4IVDGqUGTOE6-r5oXdZhYkp3skYdFiwbJYwJ-UsMOJbX_NHQI8vvW_vbrbcLNWtdlhtTfuwJ7N78KNnQSM90AOSgcWJnPDPqJFUhWYYkXGJJuO-m6_cuT_ag0bFws1NwUFYDFU9NlOgpJ8xo6qpNd4u8FiPWPvcVpSu7W9Dx8uZY0PoJMXuX0ETPiZ0H6kpTBo5IZCZkYJq6TFQThp6EC3AUF6UeUWSdEmI9ikf4eNA0eElU1vyg1eXigWs7QWNWmP8ywJfGtEpHDzaenhMpSxwiaof2rrwGtCWkoSDOGkZR2IgQ9NucDSw5hOb3s8iBw4aPVEyaPbzQ3e0lryLdMt2Bx4sWmmkeTNl9tiXfZJfCIL7sDDCtqbJfGEXJ-oJW6BvrXmdks-_1LmRfep2iRaEI___VzP4drJ2XiUjoaT0ydwHSVVWHl0HkBntVjbp3BVf1_Nl4tn9e5m8Pmyd8Vv56SR8w
linkToPdf http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Jb9NAFH4qKUJwYF8MBQYJxMmK7fHE9gGhJmlE1RJFFaDezKwhErJLFhB_jV_He7azWCBuPXDNLPEk31s-z1sAXoogMhFFiaNtlH6sBF0SWucLE8heLAw1NauaTSTjcXp-nk324Nc6F4bCKtc6sVLUptT0jrzLq4QDNO5Z1zVhEZPh6O3FN586SNFN67qdRg2RE_vzB9K3xZvjIf7Xr6JodPRh8M5vOgz4GgnY0pextM4JFQmjlURzJ03sVMId9Y2MZJYGsUIPX8XoZjiRGqSLMtLa9nC5CkzIcd8rsJ9wJD0d2O8fjSdn2zc8PBLobtRpyZxnQVfNSrutMkgB-GiQRcsiVo0D_jQPO_axHbu5YwxHt_7nn_E23GxccHZYy8wd2LPFXbixU5jxHshhFdjCZGHYJ2QqdeMpVjom2eR04A_qAP-v1rD35VzNTEmJWQwJANspXFJMWb8uho1fN5yvpuwMtyV3XNv78PFSzvgAOkVZ2EfAROiEDhMthUHyGwvpjBJWSYuLcNPYg-4aEPlFXXMkR65GEMr_DiEP-oSbzWyqGV59UM6neaOC8h7nLotCa0SiUCi1DPAYylhhM_RLtfXgNaEuJ82G0NKySdDAh6YaYflhSre6PR4lHhy0ZqJG0u3hNfbyRiMu8i3wPHixGaaVFOVX2HJVzclCMiLcg4c1zDdHQhHLkKvgSNoSgNaZ2yPF7EtVLz2kLpTILB7_-7mewzUUhfz0eHzyBK6jAovrQM8D6CznK_sUrurvy9li_qwRdAafL1sofgOOQJqN
openUrl ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Design+and+Validation+of+a+PLC-Controlled+Morbidostat+for+Investigating+Bacterial+Drug+Resistance&rft.jtitle=Bioengineering+%28Basel%29&rft.au=Pedreira%2C+Adri%C3%A1n&rft.au=V%C3%A1zquez%2C+Jos%C3%A9+A&rft.au=Romanenko%2C+Andrey&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa%2C+M%C3%ADriam+R&rft.date=2024-08-01&rft.pub=MDPI+AG&rft.issn=2306-5354&rft.eissn=2306-5354&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=8&rft_id=info:doi/10.3390%2Fbioengineering11080815&rft.externalDocID=A807396327
thumbnail_l http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=2306-5354&client=summon
thumbnail_m http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=2306-5354&client=summon
thumbnail_s http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=2306-5354&client=summon