Impact of Wearing Masks, Hand Hygiene, and Social Distancing on Influenza, Enterovirus, and All-Cause Pneumonia During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Retrospective National Epidemiological Surveillance Study
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an important health crisis worldwide. Several strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19, including wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The impact of these strategies on COVID-19 and other viral infections remains largely unclear. We...
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| Vydané v: | Journal of medical Internet research Ročník 22; číslo 8; s. e21257 |
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| Hlavní autori: | , , , , , , , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | English |
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Canada
Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor
20.08.2020
JMIR Publications |
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| ISSN: | 1438-8871, 1439-4456, 1438-8871 |
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| Abstract | The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an important health crisis worldwide. Several strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19, including wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The impact of these strategies on COVID-19 and other viral infections remains largely unclear.
We aim to investigate the impact of implemented infectious control strategies on the incidences of influenza, enterovirus infection, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic.
We utilized the electronic database of the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System and extracted incidences of COVID-19, influenza virus, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia. We compared the incidences of these diseases from week 45 of 2016 to week 21 of 2020 and performed linear regression analyses.
The first case of COVID-19 in Taiwan was reported in late January 2020 (week 4). Infectious control strategies have been promoted since late January. The influenza virus usually peaks in winter and decreases around week 14. However, a significant decrease in influenza was observed after week 6 of 2020. Regression analyses produced the following results: 2017, R
=0.037; 2018, R
=0.021; 2019, R
=0.046; and 2020, R
=0.599. A dramatic decrease in all-cause pneumonia was also reported (R
values for 2017-2020 were 0.435, 0.098, 0.352, and 0.82, respectively). Enterovirus had increased by week 18 in 2017-2019, but this was not observed in 2020.
Using this national epidemiological database, we found a significant decrease in cases of influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing may contribute not only to the prevention of COVID-19 but also to the decline of other respiratory infectious diseases. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationship. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | BackgroundThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an important health crisis worldwide. Several strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19, including wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The impact of these strategies on COVID-19 and other viral infections remains largely unclear. ObjectiveWe aim to investigate the impact of implemented infectious control strategies on the incidences of influenza, enterovirus infection, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsWe utilized the electronic database of the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System and extracted incidences of COVID-19, influenza virus, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia. We compared the incidences of these diseases from week 45 of 2016 to week 21 of 2020 and performed linear regression analyses. ResultsThe first case of COVID-19 in Taiwan was reported in late January 2020 (week 4). Infectious control strategies have been promoted since late January. The influenza virus usually peaks in winter and decreases around week 14. However, a significant decrease in influenza was observed after week 6 of 2020. Regression analyses produced the following results: 2017, R2=0.037; 2018, R2=0.021; 2019, R2=0.046; and 2020, R2=0.599. A dramatic decrease in all-cause pneumonia was also reported (R2 values for 2017-2020 were 0.435, 0.098, 0.352, and 0.82, respectively). Enterovirus had increased by week 18 in 2017-2019, but this was not observed in 2020. ConclusionsUsing this national epidemiological database, we found a significant decrease in cases of influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing may contribute not only to the prevention of COVID-19 but also to the decline of other respiratory infectious diseases. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationship. Background: The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an important health crisis worldwide. Several strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19, including wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The impact of these strategies on COVID-19 and other viral infections remains largely unclear. Objective: We aim to investigate the impact of implemented infectious control strategies on the incidences of influenza, enterovirus infection, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We utilized the electronic database of the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System and extracted incidences of COVID-19, influenza virus, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia. We compared the incidences of these diseases from week 45 of 2016 to week 21 of 2020 and performed linear regression analyses. Results: The first case of COVID-19 in Taiwan was reported in late January 2020 (week 4). Infectious control strategies have been promoted since late January. The influenza virus usually peaks in winter and decreases around week 14. However, a significant decrease in influenza was observed after week 6 of 2020. Regression analyses produced the following results: 2017, R2=0.037; 2018, R2=0.021; 2019, R2=0.046; and 2020, R2=0.599. A dramatic decrease in all-cause pneumonia was also reported (R2 values for 2017-2020 were 0.435, 0.098, 0.352, and 0.82, respectively). Enterovirus had increased by week 18 in 2017-2019, but this was not observed in 2020. Conclusions: Using this national epidemiological database, we found a significant decrease in cases of influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing may contribute not only to the prevention of COVID-19 but also to the decline of other respiratory infectious diseases. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationship. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an important health crisis worldwide. Several strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19, including wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The impact of these strategies on COVID-19 and other viral infections remains largely unclear. We aim to investigate the impact of implemented infectious control strategies on the incidences of influenza, enterovirus infection, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. We utilized the electronic database of the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System and extracted incidences of COVID-19, influenza virus, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia. We compared the incidences of these diseases from week 45 of 2016 to week 21 of 2020 and performed linear regression analyses. The first case of COVID-19 in Taiwan was reported in late January 2020 (week 4). Infectious control strategies have been promoted since late January. The influenza virus usually peaks in winter and decreases around week 14. However, a significant decrease in influenza was observed after week 6 of 2020. Regression analyses produced the following results: 2017, R =0.037; 2018, R =0.021; 2019, R =0.046; and 2020, R =0.599. A dramatic decrease in all-cause pneumonia was also reported (R values for 2017-2020 were 0.435, 0.098, 0.352, and 0.82, respectively). Enterovirus had increased by week 18 in 2017-2019, but this was not observed in 2020. Using this national epidemiological database, we found a significant decrease in cases of influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing may contribute not only to the prevention of COVID-19 but also to the decline of other respiratory infectious diseases. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationship. The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an important health crisis worldwide. Several strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19, including wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The impact of these strategies on COVID-19 and other viral infections remains largely unclear.BACKGROUNDThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is an important health crisis worldwide. Several strategies were implemented to combat COVID-19, including wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing. The impact of these strategies on COVID-19 and other viral infections remains largely unclear.We aim to investigate the impact of implemented infectious control strategies on the incidences of influenza, enterovirus infection, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic.OBJECTIVEWe aim to investigate the impact of implemented infectious control strategies on the incidences of influenza, enterovirus infection, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic.We utilized the electronic database of the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System and extracted incidences of COVID-19, influenza virus, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia. We compared the incidences of these diseases from week 45 of 2016 to week 21 of 2020 and performed linear regression analyses.METHODSWe utilized the electronic database of the Taiwan National Infectious Disease Statistics System and extracted incidences of COVID-19, influenza virus, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia. We compared the incidences of these diseases from week 45 of 2016 to week 21 of 2020 and performed linear regression analyses.The first case of COVID-19 in Taiwan was reported in late January 2020 (week 4). Infectious control strategies have been promoted since late January. The influenza virus usually peaks in winter and decreases around week 14. However, a significant decrease in influenza was observed after week 6 of 2020. Regression analyses produced the following results: 2017, R2=0.037; 2018, R2=0.021; 2019, R2=0.046; and 2020, R2=0.599. A dramatic decrease in all-cause pneumonia was also reported (R2 values for 2017-2020 were 0.435, 0.098, 0.352, and 0.82, respectively). Enterovirus had increased by week 18 in 2017-2019, but this was not observed in 2020.RESULTSThe first case of COVID-19 in Taiwan was reported in late January 2020 (week 4). Infectious control strategies have been promoted since late January. The influenza virus usually peaks in winter and decreases around week 14. However, a significant decrease in influenza was observed after week 6 of 2020. Regression analyses produced the following results: 2017, R2=0.037; 2018, R2=0.021; 2019, R2=0.046; and 2020, R2=0.599. A dramatic decrease in all-cause pneumonia was also reported (R2 values for 2017-2020 were 0.435, 0.098, 0.352, and 0.82, respectively). Enterovirus had increased by week 18 in 2017-2019, but this was not observed in 2020.Using this national epidemiological database, we found a significant decrease in cases of influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing may contribute not only to the prevention of COVID-19 but also to the decline of other respiratory infectious diseases. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationship.CONCLUSIONSUsing this national epidemiological database, we found a significant decrease in cases of influenza, enterovirus, and all-cause pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Wearing masks, hand hygiene, and social distancing may contribute not only to the prevention of COVID-19 but also to the decline of other respiratory infectious diseases. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the causal relationship. |
| Author | Tai, Yu-Lin Peng, Chun-Chih Chi, Hsin Chen, Chung-Chu Tseng, Cheng-Yin Chiu, Nan-Chang Tan, Boon Fatt Lin, Chien-Yu |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 Teaching Center of Natural Science, Minghsin University of Science and Technology Hsinchu Taiwan 2 Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College New Taipei Taiwan 3 Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu Taiwan 1 MacKay Children's Hospital Taipei Taiwan 5 National Taiwan University, Hsinchu Branch Hsinchu Taiwan |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 3 Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital Hsinchu Taiwan – name: 1 MacKay Children's Hospital Taipei Taiwan – name: 4 Teaching Center of Natural Science, Minghsin University of Science and Technology Hsinchu Taiwan – name: 5 National Taiwan University, Hsinchu Branch Hsinchu Taiwan – name: 2 Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College New Taipei Taiwan |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Nan-Chang orcidid: 0000-0002-3966-5021 surname: Chiu fullname: Chiu, Nan-Chang – sequence: 2 givenname: Hsin orcidid: 0000-0002-2385-344X surname: Chi fullname: Chi, Hsin – sequence: 3 givenname: Yu-Lin orcidid: 0000-0002-0433-1072 surname: Tai fullname: Tai, Yu-Lin – sequence: 4 givenname: Chun-Chih orcidid: 0000-0003-3667-5512 surname: Peng fullname: Peng, Chun-Chih – sequence: 5 givenname: Cheng-Yin orcidid: 0000-0002-6732-9527 surname: Tseng fullname: Tseng, Cheng-Yin – sequence: 6 givenname: Chung-Chu orcidid: 0000-0003-4415-7811 surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Chung-Chu – sequence: 7 givenname: Boon Fatt orcidid: 0000-0002-8547-9860 surname: Tan fullname: Tan, Boon Fatt – sequence: 8 givenname: Chien-Yu orcidid: 0000-0003-4630-8724 surname: Lin fullname: Lin, Chien-Yu |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32750008$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Nan-Chang Chiu, Hsin Chi, Yu-Lin Tai, Chun-Chih Peng, Cheng-Yin Tseng, Chung-Chu Chen, Boon Fatt Tan, Chien-Yu Lin. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 20.08.2020. 2020. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Nan-Chang Chiu, Hsin Chi, Yu-Lin Tai, Chun-Chih Peng, Cheng-Yin Tseng, Chung-Chu Chen, Boon Fatt Tan, Chien-Yu Lin. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 20.08.2020. 2020 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Nan-Chang Chiu, Hsin Chi, Yu-Lin Tai, Chun-Chih Peng, Cheng-Yin Tseng, Chung-Chu Chen, Boon Fatt Tan, Chien-Yu Lin. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 20.08.2020. – notice: 2020. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: Nan-Chang Chiu, Hsin Chi, Yu-Lin Tai, Chun-Chih Peng, Cheng-Yin Tseng, Chung-Chu Chen, Boon Fatt Tan, Chien-Yu Lin. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 20.08.2020. 2020 |
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| License | Nan-Chang Chiu, Hsin Chi, Yu-Lin Tai, Chun-Chih Peng, Cheng-Yin Tseng, Chung-Chu Chen, Boon Fatt Tan, Chien-Yu Lin. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (http://www.jmir.org), 20.08.2020. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on http://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. |
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| Title | Impact of Wearing Masks, Hand Hygiene, and Social Distancing on Influenza, Enterovirus, and All-Cause Pneumonia During the Coronavirus Pandemic: Retrospective National Epidemiological Surveillance Study |
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