Optical absorbers based on strong interference in ultra-thin films

Optical absorbers find uses in a wide array of applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including photovoltaic and photochemical cells, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. Recent efforts have sought to reduce the footprint of optical absorbers, co...

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Published in:	Laser & photonics reviews Vol. 10; no. 5; pp. 735 - 749
Main Authors:	Kats, Mikhail A., Capasso, Federico
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Weinheim Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2016 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:	Absorbers Coatings color coatings Decorative Fabry-Perot interferometers Footprints Interference Light sources Metamaterials optical absorbers optical coatings Optical filters Optoelectronic devices Patterning perfect absorbers Photovoltaic cells photovoltaics Plasmonics Scene generators Solar cells Stealth technology structural color thermal emitters Thickness Thin films Thin-film interference Wavelengths
ISSN:	1863-8880, 1863-8899
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Abstract	Optical absorbers find uses in a wide array of applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including photovoltaic and photochemical cells, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. Recent efforts have sought to reduce the footprint of optical absorbers, conventionally based on graded structures or Fabry‐Perot‐type cavities, by using emerging concepts in plasmonics, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. Unfortunately, these new absorber designs require patterning on subwavelength length scales, and are therefore impractical for many large‐scale optical and optoelectronic devices. In this article, we summarize recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. These structures have a small footprint and require no nanoscale patterning. We outline the theoretical foundation of these absorbers based on “ultra‐thin‐film interference”, including the concepts of loss‐induced phase shifts and critical coupling, and then review several applications, including ultra‐thin color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, high‐efficiency photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators. Ultra‐thin optical absorbers are desired for many applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including solar energy harvesting, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. The basic theory governing ultra‐thin‐film absorbers is discussed, along with application examples, including color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators.
AbstractList	Optical absorbers find uses in a wide array of applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including photovoltaic and photochemical cells, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. Recent efforts have sought to reduce the footprint of optical absorbers, conventionally based on graded structures or Fabry-Perot-type cavities, by using emerging concepts in plasmonics, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. Unfortunately, these new absorber designs require patterning on subwavelength length scales, and are therefore impractical for many large-scale optical and optoelectronic devices. In this article, we summarize recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. These structures have a small footprint and require no nanoscale patterning. We outline the theoretical foundation of these absorbers based on "ultra-thin-film interference", including the concepts of loss-induced phase shifts and critical coupling, and then review several applications, including ultra-thin color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, high-efficiency photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators. Ultra-thin optical absorbers are desired for many applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including solar energy harvesting, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. We summarize recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. The basic theory governing ultra-thin-film absorbers is discussed, along with application examples, including color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators. Optical absorbers find uses in a wide array of applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including photovoltaic and photochemical cells, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. Recent efforts have sought to reduce the footprint of optical absorbers, conventionally based on graded structures or Fabry-Perot-type cavities, by using emerging concepts in plasmonics, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. Unfortunately, these new absorber designs require patterning on subwavelength length scales, and are therefore impractical for many large-scale optical and optoelectronic devices. In this article, we summarize recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. These structures have a small footprint and require no nanoscale patterning. We outline the theoretical foundation of these absorbers based on "ultra-thin-film interference", including the concepts of loss-induced phase shifts and critical coupling, and then review several applications, including ultra-thin color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, high-efficiency photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators. Optical absorbers find uses in a wide array of applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including photovoltaic and photochemical cells, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. Recent efforts have sought to reduce the footprint of optical absorbers, conventionally based on graded structures or Fabry‐Perot‐type cavities, by using emerging concepts in plasmonics, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. Unfortunately, these new absorber designs require patterning on subwavelength length scales, and are therefore impractical for many large‐scale optical and optoelectronic devices. In this article, we summarize recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. These structures have a small footprint and require no nanoscale patterning. We outline the theoretical foundation of these absorbers based on “ultra‐thin‐film interference”, including the concepts of loss‐induced phase shifts and critical coupling, and then review several applications, including ultra‐thin color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, high‐efficiency photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators. image Optical absorbers find uses in a wide array of applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including photovoltaic and photochemical cells, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. Recent efforts have sought to reduce the footprint of optical absorbers, conventionally based on graded structures or Fabry‐Perot‐type cavities, by using emerging concepts in plasmonics, metamaterials, and metasurfaces. Unfortunately, these new absorber designs require patterning on subwavelength length scales, and are therefore impractical for many large‐scale optical and optoelectronic devices. In this article, we summarize recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. These structures have a small footprint and require no nanoscale patterning. We outline the theoretical foundation of these absorbers based on “ultra‐thin‐film interference”, including the concepts of loss‐induced phase shifts and critical coupling, and then review several applications, including ultra‐thin color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, high‐efficiency photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators. Ultra‐thin optical absorbers are desired for many applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including solar energy harvesting, photodetectors, optical filters, stealth technology, and thermal light sources. This review summarizes recent progress in the development of optical absorbers based on lossy films with thicknesses significantly smaller than the incident optical wavelength. The basic theory governing ultra‐thin‐film absorbers is discussed, along with application examples, including color coatings, decorative photovoltaics, photochemical cells, and infrared scene generators.
Author	Capasso, Federico Kats, Mikhail A.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Mikhail A. surname: Kats fullname: Kats, Mikhail A. email: mkats@wisc.edu, mkats@wisc.edu organization: Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Physics, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Wisconsin, 53706, Madison, USA – sequence: 2 givenname: Federico surname: Capasso fullname: Capasso, Federico organization: School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Massachusetts, 02138, Cambridge, USA
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Snippet	Optical absorbers find uses in a wide array of applications across the electromagnetic spectrum, including photovoltaic and photochemical cells,...
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SubjectTerms	Absorbers Coatings color coatings Decorative Fabry-Perot interferometers Footprints Interference Light sources Metamaterials optical absorbers optical coatings Optical filters Optoelectronic devices Patterning perfect absorbers Photovoltaic cells photovoltaics Plasmonics Scene generators Solar cells Stealth technology structural color thermal emitters Thickness Thin films Thin-film interference Wavelengths
Title	Optical absorbers based on strong interference in ultra-thin films
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