Blockchain-Based Solution for COVID-19 Digital Medical Passports and Immunity Certificates

COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (iso...

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Vydané v:	IEEE access Ročník 8; s. 222093 - 222108
Hlavní autori:	Hasan, Haya R., Salah, Khaled, Jayaraman, Raja, Arshad, Junaid, Yaqoob, Ibrar, Omar, Mohammed, Ellahham, Samer
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States IEEE 01.01.2020 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Predmet:	Blockchain Certificates Computers and Information Processing Coronaviruses Cost analysis COVID-19 Cryptography digital medical passports Diseases Encryption Ethereum Immune system Immunity immunity certificates Medical diagnostic imaging Passports Response time security Smart contracts Systems design Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Testing traceability tracking COVID-19 digital medical passports security blockchain smart contracts Ethereum immunity certificates traceability tracking
ISSN:	2169-3536, 2169-3536
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Abstract	COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (isolate/cure) them. In this paper, we investigate this challenge and contribute by presenting a blockchain-based solution that incorporates self-sovereign identity, re-encryption proxies, and decentralized storage, such as the interplanetary file systems (IPFS). Our solution implements digital medical passports (DMP) and immunity certificates for COVID-19 test-takers. We present smart contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain written and tested successfully to maintain a digital medical identity for test-takers that help in a prompt trusted response directly by the relevant medical authorities. We reduce the response time of the medical facilities, alleviate the spread of false information by using immutable trusted blockchain, and curb the spread of the disease through DMP. We present a detailed description of the system design, development, and evaluation (cost and security analysis) for the proposed solution. Since our code leverages the use of the on-chain events, the cost of our design is almost negligible. We have made our smart contract codes publicly available on Github.
AbstractList	COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (isolate/cure) them. In this paper, we investigate this challenge and contribute by presenting a blockchain-based solution that incorporates self-sovereign identity, re-encryption proxies, and decentralized storage, such as the interplanetary file systems (IPFS). Our solution implements digital medical passports (DMP) and immunity certificates for COVID-19 test-takers. We present smart contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain written and tested successfully to maintain a digital medical identity for test-takers that help in a prompt trusted response directly by the relevant medical authorities. We reduce the response time of the medical facilities, alleviate the spread of false information by using immutable trusted blockchain, and curb the spread of the disease through DMP. We present a detailed description of the system design, development, and evaluation (cost and security analysis) for the proposed solution. Since our code leverages the use of the on-chain events, the cost of our design is almost negligible. We have made our smart contract codes publicly available on Github. COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (isolate/cure) them. In this paper, we investigate this challenge and contribute by presenting a blockchain-based solution that incorporates self-sovereign identity, re-encryption proxies, and decentralized storage, such as the interplanetary file systems (IPFS). Our solution implements digital medical passports (DMP) and immunity certificates for COVID-19 test-takers. We present smart contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain written and tested successfully to maintain a digital medical identity for test-takers that help in a prompt trusted response directly by the relevant medical authorities. We reduce the response time of the medical facilities, alleviate the spread of false information by using immutable trusted blockchain, and curb the spread of the disease through DMP. We present a detailed description of the system design, development, and evaluation (cost and security analysis) for the proposed solution. Since our code leverages the use of the on-chain events, the cost of our design is almost negligible. We have made our smart contract codes publicly available on Github.COVID-19 has emerged as a highly contagious disease which has caused a devastating impact across the world with a very large number of infections and deaths. Timely and accurate testing is paramount to an effective response to this pandemic as it helps identify infections and therefore mitigate (isolate/cure) them. In this paper, we investigate this challenge and contribute by presenting a blockchain-based solution that incorporates self-sovereign identity, re-encryption proxies, and decentralized storage, such as the interplanetary file systems (IPFS). Our solution implements digital medical passports (DMP) and immunity certificates for COVID-19 test-takers. We present smart contracts based on the Ethereum blockchain written and tested successfully to maintain a digital medical identity for test-takers that help in a prompt trusted response directly by the relevant medical authorities. We reduce the response time of the medical facilities, alleviate the spread of false information by using immutable trusted blockchain, and curb the spread of the disease through DMP. We present a detailed description of the system design, development, and evaluation (cost and security analysis) for the proposed solution. Since our code leverages the use of the on-chain events, the cost of our design is almost negligible. We have made our smart contract codes publicly available on Github.
Author	Arshad, Junaid Omar, Mohammed Salah, Khaled Ellahham, Samer Jayaraman, Raja Yaqoob, Ibrar Hasan, Haya R.
AuthorAffiliation	4 Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates 1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Khalifa University of Science and Technology 105955 Abu Dhabi 127788 United Arab Emirates 3 School of Computing and Digital Technology Birmingham City University 1725 Birmingham B4 7XG U.K 2 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Khalifa University of Science and Technology 105955 Abu Dhabi 127788 United Arab Emirates
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates – name: 3 School of Computing and Digital Technology Birmingham City University 1725 Birmingham B4 7XG U.K – name: 1 Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Khalifa University of Science and Technology 105955 Abu Dhabi 127788 United Arab Emirates – name: 2 Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering Khalifa University of Science and Technology 105955 Abu Dhabi 127788 United Arab Emirates
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Haya R. orcidid: 0000-0002-0029-9095 surname: Hasan fullname: Hasan, Haya R. organization: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – sequence: 2 givenname: Khaled orcidid: 0000-0002-2310-2558 surname: Salah fullname: Salah, Khaled organization: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – sequence: 3 givenname: Raja orcidid: 0000-0002-2749-2688 surname: Jayaraman fullname: Jayaraman, Raja organization: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – sequence: 4 givenname: Junaid orcidid: 0000-0003-0424-9498 surname: Arshad fullname: Arshad, Junaid organization: School of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, U.K – sequence: 5 givenname: Ibrar orcidid: 0000-0002-8438-3429 surname: Yaqoob fullname: Yaqoob, Ibrar email: ibrar.yaqoob@ku.ac.ae organization: Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – sequence: 6 givenname: Mohammed orcidid: 0000-0001-8833-2947 surname: Omar fullname: Omar, Mohammed organization: Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – sequence: 7 givenname: Samer orcidid: 0000-0003-1779-2414 surname: Ellahham fullname: Ellahham, Samer organization: Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Keywords	COVID-19 digital medical passports security blockchain smart contracts Ethereum immunity certificates traceability tracking
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SubjectTerms	Blockchain Certificates Computers and Information Processing Coronaviruses Cost analysis COVID-19 Cryptography digital medical passports Diseases Encryption Ethereum Immune system Immunity immunity certificates Medical diagnostic imaging Passports Response time security Smart contracts Systems design Systems, Man, and Cybernetics Testing traceability tracking
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Title	Blockchain-Based Solution for COVID-19 Digital Medical Passports and Immunity Certificates
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