An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part III: Hydrography and fluxes
•We compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models.•There is a large spread in temperature bias in the Arctic Ocean between the models.•Warm bias models have a strong temperature anomaly of inflow of Atlantic Water.•Dense outflows formed on Arctic shelves are not captured accur...
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| Vydáno v: | Ocean modelling (Oxford) Ročník 100; s. 141 - 161 |
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| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.04.2016
Elsevier |
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| ISSN: | 1463-5003, 1463-5011 |
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| Abstract | •We compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models.•There is a large spread in temperature bias in the Arctic Ocean between the models.•Warm bias models have a strong temperature anomaly of inflow of Atlantic Water.•Dense outflows formed on Arctic shelves are not captured accurately in the models.
In this paper we compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments, phase II (CORE-II). Most of these models are the ocean and sea-ice components of the coupled climate models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) experiments. We mainly focus on the hydrography of the Arctic interior, the state of Atlantic Water layer and heat and volume transports at the gateways of the Davis Strait, the Bering Strait, the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. We found that there is a large spread in temperature in the Arctic Ocean between the models, and generally large differences compared to the observed temperature at intermediate depths. Warm bias models have a strong temperature anomaly of inflow of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. Another process that is not represented accurately in the CORE-II models is the formation of cold and dense water, originating on the eastern shelves. In the cold bias models, excessive cold water forms in the Barents Sea and spreads into the Arctic Ocean through the St. Anna Through. There is a large spread in the simulated mean heat and volume transports through the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. The models agree more on the decadal variability, to a large degree dictated by the common atmospheric forcing. We conclude that the CORE-II model study helps us to understand the crucial biases in the Arctic Ocean. The current coarse resolution state-of-the-art ocean models need to be improved in accurate representation of the Atlantic Water inflow into the Arctic and density currents coming from the shelves. |
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| AbstractList | In this paper we compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean-sea ice models in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments, phase II (CORE-II). Most of these models are the ocean and sea-ice components of the coupled climate models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) experiments. We mainly focus on the hydrography of the Arctic interior, the state of Atlantic Water layer and heat and volume transports at the gateways of the Davis Strait, the Bering Strait, the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. We found that there is a large spread in temperature in the Arctic Ocean between the models, and generally large differences compared to the observed temperature at intermediate depths. Warm bias models have a strong temperature anomaly of inflow of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. Another process that is not represented accurately in the CORE-II models is the formation of cold and dense water, originating on the eastern shelves. In the cold bias models, excessive cold water forms in the Barents Sea and spreads into the Arctic Ocean through the St. Anna Through. There is a large spread in the simulated mean heat and volume transports through the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. The models agree more on the decadal variability, to a large degree dictated by the common atmospheric forcing. We conclude that the CORE-II model study helps us to understand the crucial biases in the Arctic Ocean. The current coarse resolution state-of-the-art ocean models need to be improved in accurate representation of the Atlantic Water inflow into the Arctic and density currents coming from the shelves. •We compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models.•There is a large spread in temperature bias in the Arctic Ocean between the models.•Warm bias models have a strong temperature anomaly of inflow of Atlantic Water.•Dense outflows formed on Arctic shelves are not captured accurately in the models. In this paper we compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments, phase II (CORE-II). Most of these models are the ocean and sea-ice components of the coupled climate models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) experiments. We mainly focus on the hydrography of the Arctic interior, the state of Atlantic Water layer and heat and volume transports at the gateways of the Davis Strait, the Bering Strait, the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. We found that there is a large spread in temperature in the Arctic Ocean between the models, and generally large differences compared to the observed temperature at intermediate depths. Warm bias models have a strong temperature anomaly of inflow of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean through the Fram Strait. Another process that is not represented accurately in the CORE-II models is the formation of cold and dense water, originating on the eastern shelves. In the cold bias models, excessive cold water forms in the Barents Sea and spreads into the Arctic Ocean through the St. Anna Through. There is a large spread in the simulated mean heat and volume transports through the Fram Strait and the Barents Sea Opening. The models agree more on the decadal variability, to a large degree dictated by the common atmospheric forcing. We conclude that the CORE-II model study helps us to understand the crucial biases in the Arctic Ocean. The current coarse resolution state-of-the-art ocean models need to be improved in accurate representation of the Atlantic Water inflow into the Arctic and density currents coming from the shelves. |
| Author | Aksenov, Yevgeny Gerdes, Rüdiger Curry, Beth Danabasoglu, Gokhan Lee, Craig Lu, Jianhua Wang, Qiang Jung, Thomas Valcke, Sophie Biastoch, Arne Böning, Claus Spence, Paul Bailey, David Samuels, Bonita L. Jahn, Alexandra Drange, Helge Bentsen, Mats Wang, Xuezhu Griffies, Stephen M. Iovino, Doroteaciro Coward, Andrew C. Chassignet, Eric Roth, Christina Voldoire, Aurore Large, William G. Cassou, Christophe Salas y Mélia, David Tsujino, Hiroyuki Danilov, Sergey Fujii, Yosuke Fogli, Pier Giuseppe Lique, Camille Ilıcak, Mehmet Masina, Simona Yeager, Steve G. Fernandez, Elodie George Nurser, A.J. Bozec, Alexandra |
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organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Mats surname: Bentsen fullname: Bentsen, Mats organization: Uni Research Climate, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway – sequence: 8 givenname: Arne surname: Biastoch fullname: Biastoch, Arne organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 9 givenname: Alexandra surname: Bozec fullname: Bozec, Alexandra organization: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Claus surname: Böning fullname: Böning, Claus organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: Christophe surname: Cassou fullname: Cassou, Christophe organization: Unité de Recherche Associée 1875, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, Toulouse, France – 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de la Recherche Scientifique/Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, Toulouse, France – sequence: 18 givenname: Pier Giuseppe surname: Fogli fullname: Fogli, Pier Giuseppe organization: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Bologna, Italy – sequence: 19 givenname: Yosuke surname: Fujii fullname: Fujii, Yosuke organization: Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan – sequence: 20 givenname: Stephen M. surname: Griffies fullname: Griffies, Stephen M. organization: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Princeton, NJ, USA – sequence: 21 givenname: Doroteaciro surname: Iovino fullname: Iovino, Doroteaciro organization: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Bologna, Italy – sequence: 22 givenname: Alexandra surname: Jahn fullname: Jahn, Alexandra organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA – sequence: 23 givenname: Thomas surname: Jung fullname: Jung, Thomas organization: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany – sequence: 24 givenname: William G. surname: Large fullname: Large, William G. organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA – sequence: 25 givenname: Craig surname: Lee fullname: Lee, Craig organization: Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA – sequence: 26 givenname: Camille surname: Lique fullname: Lique, Camille organization: Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK – sequence: 27 givenname: Jianhua surname: Lu fullname: Lu, Jianhua organization: Center for Ocean-Atmospheric Prediction Studies (COAPS), Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA – sequence: 28 givenname: Simona surname: Masina fullname: Masina, Simona organization: Centro Euro-Mediterraneo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (CMCC), Bologna, Italy – sequence: 29 givenname: A.J. surname: George Nurser fullname: George Nurser, A.J. organization: National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK – sequence: 30 givenname: Christina surname: Roth fullname: Roth, Christina organization: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany – sequence: 31 givenname: David surname: Salas y Mélia fullname: Salas y Mélia, David organization: Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Toulouse, France – sequence: 32 givenname: Bonita L. surname: Samuels fullname: Samuels, Bonita L. organization: NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL), Princeton, NJ, USA – sequence: 33 givenname: Paul surname: Spence fullname: Spence, Paul organization: ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia – sequence: 34 givenname: Hiroyuki surname: Tsujino fullname: Tsujino, Hiroyuki organization: Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan – sequence: 35 givenname: Sophie surname: Valcke fullname: Valcke, Sophie organization: Unité de Recherche Associée 1875, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique/Centre Européen de Recherche et de Formation Avancée en Calcul Scientifique, Toulouse, France – sequence: 36 givenname: Aurore surname: Voldoire fullname: Voldoire, Aurore organization: Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM), Toulouse, France – sequence: 37 givenname: Xuezhu surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Xuezhu organization: Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, Germany – sequence: 38 givenname: Steve G. surname: Yeager fullname: Yeager, Steve G. organization: National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, CO, USA |
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| Keywords | CORE-II atmospheric forcing Arctic Ocean Density currents St. Anna Trough Atlantic Water |
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| Snippet | •We compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models.•There is a large spread in temperature bias in the Arctic Ocean between the... In this paper we compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean-sea ice models in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments,... In this paper we compare the simulated Arctic Ocean in 15 global ocean–sea ice models in the framework of the Coordinated Ocean-ice Reference Experiments,... |
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| SubjectTerms | Arctic Ocean Atlantic Water Barents Sea Climate models Computer simulation CORE-II atmospheric forcing Density currents Hydrography Marine Ocean models Oceans Sciences of the Universe St. Anna Trough Straits |
| Title | An assessment of the Arctic Ocean in a suite of interannual CORE-II simulations. Part III: Hydrography and fluxes |
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