Preventing Posttraumatic Stress Related to Sexual Assault Through Early Intervention A Systematic Review

Sexual assault survivors come into contact with a variety of community responders after assault, and these interactions may play an important role in mitigating distress. Given theoretical understandings of the importance of early experiences in the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS), early c...

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Vydáno v:	Trauma, violence & abuse Ročník 19; číslo 4; s. 459 - 472
Hlavní autoři:	Dworkin, Emily R., Schumacher, ulie A.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Los Angeles, CA Sage Publications, Inc 01.10.2018 SAGE Publications Sage Publications Ltd
Témata:	Assaults Best practice Communities Community involvement Contact stresses Crime Crime Victims - psychology Crime Victims - rehabilitation Crime Victims - statistics & numerical data Criminal justice Disclosure Early intervention Female Health care Health services Help seeking behavior Humans Intervention Judicial system Male Mental health services Post traumatic stress disorder Prevention Psychological distress Psychotherapy - methods Quality of care Review Manuscript Sex crimes Sex Offenses - psychology Sex Offenses - statistics & numerical data Sexual assault Social justice Social response Social services Social Support Stress Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - prevention & control Survivor Systematic review Time Factors Well being PTSD reporting/disclosure intervention sexual assault mental health and violence support seeking
ISSN:	1524-8380, 1552-8324, 1552-8324
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Abstract	Sexual assault survivors come into contact with a variety of community responders after assault, and these interactions may play an important role in mitigating distress. Given theoretical understandings of the importance of early experiences in the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS), early contact with formal systems (e.g., health care, criminal justice, social services) and informal responders (e.g., friends, family) might be particularly important in preventing PTS. However, the effectiveness of these early interventions is unclear. Understanding the key elements of early interventions, both formal and informal, that successfully prevent the development of PTS could help to improve community responses to sexual assault and ultimately promote survivor well-being. In this systematic review, we investigate the types of experiences with responders in the early aftermath of assault that are associated with PTS, the duration of effects on PTS, and the role of the timing of these responses in the development of PTS. Findings indicate that responder contact alone is not typically associated with significant differences in PTS, and there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the timing of seeking help is associated with PTS, but the quality of services provided and perceptions of interactions with certain responders appear to be associated with PTS. Although many effects were short-lived, interventions that were perceived positively may be associated with lower PTS up to a year postassault. These findings support the importance of offering best practice interventions that are perceived positively, rather than simply encouraging survivors to seek help.
AbstractList	Sexual assault survivors come into contact with a variety of community responders after assault, and these interactions may play an important role in mitigating distress. Given theoretical understandings of the importance of early experiences in the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS), early contact with formal systems (e.g., health care, criminal justice, social services) and informal responders (e.g., friends, family) might be particularly important in preventing PTS. However, the effectiveness of these early interventions is unclear. Understanding the key elements of early interventions, both formal and informal, that successfully prevent the development of PTS could help to improve community responses to sexual assault and ultimately promote survivor well-being. In this systematic review, we investigate the types of experiences with responders in the early aftermath of assault that are associated with PTS, the duration of effects on PTS, and the role of the timing of these responses in the development of PTS. Findings indicate that responder contact alone is not typically associated with significant differences in PTS, and there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the timing of seeking help is associated with PTS, but the quality of services provided and perceptions of interactions with certain responders appear to be associated with PTS. Although many effects were short-lived, interventions that were perceived positively may be associated with lower PTS up to a year postassault. These findings support the importance of offering best practice interventions that are perceived positively, rather than simply encouraging survivors to seek help. Sexual assault survivors come into contact with a variety of community responders after assault, and these interactions may play an important role in mitigating distress. Given theoretical understandings of the importance of early experiences in the development of posttraumatic stress, early contact with formal systems (e.g., healthcare, criminal justice, social services) and informal responders (e.g., friends, family) might be particularly important in preventing posttraumatic stress. However, the effectiveness of these early interventions is unclear. Understanding the key elements of early interventions, both formal and informal, that successfully prevent the development of posttraumatic stress could help to improve community responses to sexual assault and ultimately promote survivor wellbeing. In this systematic review, we investigate the types of experiences with responders in the early aftermath of assault that are associated with posttraumatic stress, the duration of effects on posttraumatic stress, and the role of the timing of these responses in the development of posttraumatic stress. Findings indicate that responder contact alone is not typically associated with significant differences in posttraumatic stress, and there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the timing of seeking help is associated with posttraumatic stress, but the quality of services provided and perceptions of interactions with certain responders appear to be associated with posttraumatic stress. While many effects were short-lived, interventions that were perceived positively may be associated with lower posttraumatic stress up to a year post-assault. These findings support the importance of offering best-practice interventions that are perceived positively, rather than simply encouraging survivors to seek help. Sexual assault survivors come into contact with a variety of community responders after assault, and these interactions may play an important role in mitigating distress. Given theoretical understandings of the importance of early experiences in the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS), early contact with formal systems (e.g., health care, criminal justice, social services) and informal responders (e.g., friends, family) might be particularly important in preventing PTS. However, the effectiveness of these early interventions is unclear. Understanding the key elements of early interventions, both formal and informal, that successfully prevent the development of PTS could help to improve community responses to sexual assault and ultimately promote survivor well-being. In this systematic review, we investigate the types of experiences with responders in the early aftermath of assault that are associated with PTS, the duration of effects on PTS, and the role of the timing of these responses in the development of PTS. Findings indicate that responder contact alone is not typically associated with significant differences in PTS, and there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the timing of seeking help is associated with PTS, but the quality of services provided and perceptions of interactions with certain responders appear to be associated with PTS. Although many effects were short-lived, interventions that were perceived positively may be associated with lower PTS up to a year postassault. These findings support the importance of offering best practice interventions that are perceived positively, rather than simply encouraging survivors to seek help.Sexual assault survivors come into contact with a variety of community responders after assault, and these interactions may play an important role in mitigating distress. Given theoretical understandings of the importance of early experiences in the development of posttraumatic stress (PTS), early contact with formal systems (e.g., health care, criminal justice, social services) and informal responders (e.g., friends, family) might be particularly important in preventing PTS. However, the effectiveness of these early interventions is unclear. Understanding the key elements of early interventions, both formal and informal, that successfully prevent the development of PTS could help to improve community responses to sexual assault and ultimately promote survivor well-being. In this systematic review, we investigate the types of experiences with responders in the early aftermath of assault that are associated with PTS, the duration of effects on PTS, and the role of the timing of these responses in the development of PTS. Findings indicate that responder contact alone is not typically associated with significant differences in PTS, and there is insufficient evidence to indicate that the timing of seeking help is associated with PTS, but the quality of services provided and perceptions of interactions with certain responders appear to be associated with PTS. Although many effects were short-lived, interventions that were perceived positively may be associated with lower PTS up to a year postassault. These findings support the importance of offering best practice interventions that are perceived positively, rather than simply encouraging survivors to seek help.
Author	Schumacher, ulie A. Dworkin, Emily R.
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Snippet	Sexual assault survivors come into contact with a variety of community responders after assault, and these interactions may play an important role in...
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SubjectTerms	Assaults Best practice Communities Community involvement Contact stresses Crime Crime Victims - psychology Crime Victims - rehabilitation Crime Victims - statistics & numerical data Criminal justice Disclosure Early intervention Female Health care Health services Help seeking behavior Humans Intervention Judicial system Male Mental health services Post traumatic stress disorder Prevention Psychological distress Psychotherapy - methods Quality of care Review Manuscript Sex crimes Sex Offenses - psychology Sex Offenses - statistics & numerical data Sexual assault Social justice Social response Social services Social Support Stress Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - prevention & control Survivor Systematic review Time Factors Well being
Subtitle	A Systematic Review
Title	Preventing Posttraumatic Stress Related to Sexual Assault Through Early Intervention
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