Body mass index classification misses subjects with increased cardiometabolic risk factors related to elevated adiposity
Context: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat. Objective: We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat...
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| Published in: | International Journal of Obesity Vol. 36; no. 2; pp. 286 - 294 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Nature Publishing Group UK
01.02.2012
Nature Publishing Group |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0307-0565, 1476-5497, 1476-5497 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Context:
Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat.
Objective:
We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI-classified subjects with similar BF%.
Design:
We performed a cross-sectional study.
Subjects:
A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18–80 years.
Methods:
BMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured.
Results:
We found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3±9.2, women 4.9±19.5 mg l
−1
) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2±5.5, women 5.1±13.2 mg l
−1
) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9±0.5, women 2.1±2.6 mg l
−1
;
P
<0.001 for both genders).
Conclusion:
Given the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat.
We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI-classified subjects with similar BF%.
We performed a cross-sectional study.
A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years.
BMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured.
We found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3 ± 9.2, women 4.9 ± 19.5 mg l(-1)) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2 ± 5.5, women 5.1 ± 13.2 mg l(-1)) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9 ± 0.5, women 2.1 ± 2.6 mg l(-1); P<0.001 for both genders).
Given the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable. Subjects: A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years. International Journal of Obesity (2012) 36, 286-294; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.100; published online 17 May 2011 Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat. We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI-classified subjects with similar BF%. We performed a cross-sectional study. A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years. BMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured. We found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3 ± 9.2, women 4.9 ± 19.5 mg l(-1)) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2 ± 5.5, women 5.1 ± 13.2 mg l(-1)) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9 ± 0.5, women 2.1 ± 2.6 mg l(-1); P<0.001 for both genders). Given the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable. Context: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat. Objective: We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI-classified subjects with similar BF%. Design: We performed a cross-sectional study. Subjects: A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18–80 years. Methods: BMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured. Results: We found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3±9.2, women 4.9±19.5 mg l −1 ) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2±5.5, women 5.1±13.2 mg l −1 ) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9±0.5, women 2.1±2.6 mg l −1 ; P <0.001 for both genders). Conclusion: Given the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable. Context: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat.4:00 PM Objective: We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI- classified subjects with similar BF%. Design: We performed a cross-sectional study. Subjects: A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years. Methods: BMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured. Results: We found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3 ± 9.2, women 4.9 ± 19.5 mg T1) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2 ±5.5, women 5.1 ±13.2 mg [l.sup.-1]) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9 ± 0.5, women 2.1 [+ or -] 2.6 mg [l.sup.-1]; P < 0.001 for both genders). Conclusion: Given the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable. International Journal of Obesity (2012) 36, 286-294; doi: 10.1038/ijo.2011.100; published online 17 May 2011 Keywords: BMI; adiposity; diagnosis; fat mass Context:Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat. Objective: We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI-classified subjects with similar BF%.Design:We performed a cross-sectional study.Subjects:A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years. Methods: BMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured. Results: We found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3+/-9.2, women 4.9+/-19.5 mg l super(-1)) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2+/-5.5, women 5.1+/-13.2 mg l super(-1)) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9+/-0.5, women 2.1+/-2.6 mg l super(-1); P<0.001 for both genders). Conclusion: Given the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable. Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat.CONTEXTBody mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body fat.We assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI-classified subjects with similar BF%.OBJECTIVEWe assessed the degree of misclassification on the diagnosis of obesity using BMI as compared with direct body fat percentage (BF%) determination and compared the cardiovascular and metabolic risk of non-obese and obese BMI-classified subjects with similar BF%.We performed a cross-sectional study.DESIGNWe performed a cross-sectional study.A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years.SUBJECTSA total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years.BMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured.METHODSBMI, BF% determined by air displacement plethysmography and well-established blood markers of insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and cardiovascular risk were measured.We found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3 ± 9.2, women 4.9 ± 19.5 mg l(-1)) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2 ± 5.5, women 5.1 ± 13.2 mg l(-1)) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9 ± 0.5, women 2.1 ± 2.6 mg l(-1); P<0.001 for both genders).RESULTSWe found that 29% of subjects classified as lean and 80% of individuals classified as overweight according to BMI had a BF% within the obesity range. Importantly, the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors, such as C-reactive protein, were higher in lean and overweight BMI-classified subjects with BF% within the obesity range (men 4.3 ± 9.2, women 4.9 ± 19.5 mg l(-1)) as well as in obese BMI-classified individuals (men 4.2 ± 5.5, women 5.1 ± 13.2 mg l(-1)) compared with lean volunteers with normal body fat amounts (men 0.9 ± 0.5, women 2.1 ± 2.6 mg l(-1); P<0.001 for both genders).Given the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable.CONCLUSIONGiven the elevated concentrations of cardiometabolic risk factors reported herein in non-obese individuals according to BMI but obese based on body fat, the inclusion of body composition measurements together with morbidity evaluation in the routine medical practice both for the diagnosis and the decision-making for instauration of the most appropriate treatment of obesity is desirable. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Ibañez, P Frühbeck, G Escalada, J Silva, C Gómez-Ambrosi, J Valentí, V Salvador, J Vila, N Gil, M J Santos, S Millán, D Rotellar, F Galofré, J C Ramírez, B |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: J surname: Gómez-Ambrosi fullname: Gómez-Ambrosi, J organization: Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII – sequence: 2 givenname: C surname: Silva fullname: Silva, C organization: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 3 givenname: J C surname: Galofré fullname: Galofré, J C organization: Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 4 givenname: J surname: Escalada fullname: Escalada, J organization: Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 5 givenname: S surname: Santos fullname: Santos, S organization: Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 6 givenname: D surname: Millán fullname: Millán, D organization: Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 7 givenname: N surname: Vila fullname: Vila, N organization: Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 8 givenname: P surname: Ibañez fullname: Ibañez, P organization: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 9 givenname: M J surname: Gil fullname: Gil, M J organization: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Department of Biochemistry, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 10 givenname: V surname: Valentí fullname: Valentí, V organization: Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 11 givenname: F surname: Rotellar fullname: Rotellar, F organization: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 12 givenname: B surname: Ramírez fullname: Ramírez, B organization: Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII – sequence: 13 givenname: J surname: Salvador fullname: Salvador, J organization: CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra – sequence: 14 givenname: G surname: Frühbeck fullname: Frühbeck, G email: gfruhbeck@unav.es organization: Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), ISCIII, Department of Endocrinology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=25596317$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21587201$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2012-02-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2012-02-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 02 year: 2012 text: 2012-02-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | London |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: London – name: Basingstoke – name: England |
| PublicationTitle | International Journal of Obesity |
| PublicationTitleAbbrev | Int J Obes |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Int J Obes (Lond) |
| PublicationYear | 2012 |
| Publisher | Nature Publishing Group UK Nature Publishing Group |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Nature Publishing Group UK – name: Nature Publishing Group |
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publication-title: Obes Surg doi: 10.1381/096089206776116525 – volume: 95 start-page: 991 year: 2006 ident: BFijo2011100_CR41 publication-title: Thromb Haemost doi: 10.1160/TH06-02-0079 – volume: 60 start-page: 87 year: 2003 ident: BFijo2011100_CR57 publication-title: Diabetes Res Clin Pract doi: 10.1016/S0168-8227(03)00017-2 – ident: BFijo2011100_CR7 – volume: 139 start-page: 930 year: 2003 ident: BFijo2011100_CR6 publication-title: Ann Intern Med doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-139-11-200312020-00012 – volume: 32 start-page: 481 year: 2009 ident: BFijo2011100_CR19 publication-title: Diabetes Care doi: 10.2337/dc08-1359 – volume: 35 start-page: 315 year: 2002 ident: BFijo2011100_CR30 publication-title: Clin Biochem doi: 10.1016/S0009-9120(02)00320-X – volume: 89 start-page: 1213 year: 2009 ident: BFijo2011100_CR36 publication-title: Am J Clin Nutr doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26698 – volume: 13 start-page: 1232 year: 2005 ident: BFijo2011100_CR40 publication-title: Obes Res doi: 10.1038/oby.2005.146 – volume: 22 start-page: 1164 year: 1998 ident: BFijo2011100_CR58 publication-title: Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord doi: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0800741 – volume: 28 start-page: 412 year: 1985 ident: BFijo2011100_CR51 publication-title: Diabetologia doi: 10.1007/BF00280883 |
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Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an... Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess of body... Context: Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an... Subjects: A total of 6123 (924 lean, 1637 overweight and 3562 obese classified according to BMI) Caucasian subjects (69% females), aged 18-80 years.... Context:Body mass index (BMI) is widely used as a measure of overweight and obesity, but underestimates the prevalence of both conditions, defined as an excess... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adipose Tissue Adolescent Adult Aged Aged, 80 and over Biological and medical sciences Biomarkers - blood Blood Body composition Body fat Body mass Body Mass Index C-Reactive Protein - metabolism Cardiorespiratory Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular diseases Cardiovascular Diseases - blood Cardiovascular Diseases - diagnosis Cardiovascular Diseases - epidemiology Classification Cross-Sectional Studies Decision Making Diagnosis Endocrinology Epidemiology Evaluation Female Females Gender Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Health risks Humans Insulin Internal Medicine Lipids Male Measurement Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Men Metabolic Diseases Metabolism Middle Aged Morbidity Mortality Obesity Obesity - classification Obesity - diagnosis Obesity - epidemiology original-article Overweight Physiological aspects Plethysmography - methods Prevalence Proteins Public Health Risk Assessment Risk Factors Sensitivity Spain - epidemiology Task forces Weight control White people Women Womens health Young Adult |
| Title | Body mass index classification misses subjects with increased cardiometabolic risk factors related to elevated adiposity |
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