Transmission of Ebola Viruses: What We Know and What We Do Not Know

Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but this is based on a limited number of studies. Key areas requiring further study include (i) the role of aerosol transmission (either via large d...

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Veröffentlicht in:	mBio Jg. 6; H. 2; S. e00137
Hauptverfasser:	Osterholm, Michael T., Moore, Kristine A., Kelley, Nicholas S., Brosseau, Lisa M., Wong, Gary, Murphy, Frederick A., Peters, Clarence J., LeDuc, James W., Russell, Phillip K., Van Herp, Michel, Kapetshi, Jimmy, Muyembe, Jean-Jacques T., Ilunga, Benoit Kebela, Strong, James E., Grolla, Allen, Wolz, Anja, Kargbo, Brima, Kargbo, David K., Formenty, Pierre, Sanders, David Avram, Kobinger, Gary P.
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States American Society for Microbiology 01.05.2015 American Society of Microbiology
Schlagworte:	aerosols Africa, Western - epidemiology Animals Asymptomatic Body fluids disease outbreaks Disease transmission Disease Transmission, Infectious Domestic animals droplets Ebola virus Ebolavirus Ebolavirus - isolation & purification Epidemics fomites Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - virology Humans Illnesses Infections Masks Medical personnel Opinion/Hypothesis Outbreaks pathogens Patients people pollution Public health Respiratory diseases strain differences virus transmission Viruses Western Africa Zoonoses - transmission Zoonoses - virology Africa, Western Zaire West Africa Sudan Western Africa
ISSN:	2161-2129, 2150-7511, 2150-7511
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Abstract	Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but this is based on a limited number of studies. Key areas requiring further study include (i) the role of aerosol transmission (either via large droplets or small particles in the vicinity of source patients), (ii) the role of environmental contamination and fomite transmission, (iii) the degree to which minimally or mildly ill persons transmit infection, (iv) how long clinically relevant infectiousness persists, (v) the role that “superspreading events” may play in driving transmission dynamics, (vi) whether strain differences or repeated serial passage in outbreak settings can impact virus transmission, and (vii) what role sylvatic or domestic animals could play in outbreak propagation, particularly during major epidemics such as the 2013–2015 West Africa situation. In this review, we address what we know and what we do not know about Ebola virus transmission. We also hypothesize that Ebola viruses have the potential to be respiratory pathogens with primary respiratory spread.
AbstractList	Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but this is based on a limited number of studies. Key areas requiring further study include (i) the role of aerosol transmission (either via large droplets or small particles in the vicinity of source patients), (ii) the role of environmental contamination and fomite transmission, (iii) the degree to which minimally or mildly ill persons transmit infection, (iv) how long clinically relevant infectiousness persists, (v) the role that “superspreading events” may play in driving transmission dynamics, (vi) whether strain differences or repeated serial passage in outbreak settings can impact virus transmission, and (vii) what role sylvatic or domestic animals could play in outbreak propagation, particularly during major epidemics such as the 2013–2015 West Africa situation. In this review, we address what we know and what we do not know about Ebola virus transmission. We also hypothesize that Ebola viruses have the potential to be respiratory pathogens with primary respiratory spread. Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but this is based on a limited number of studies. Key areas requiring further study include (i) the role of aerosol transmission (either via large droplets or small particles in the vicinity of source patients), (ii) the role of environmental contamination and fomite transmission, (iii) the degree to which minimally or mildly ill persons transmit infection, (iv) how long clinically relevant infectiousness persists, (v) the role that "superspreading events" may play in driving transmission dynamics, (vi) whether strain differences or repeated serial passage in outbreak settings can impact virus transmission, and (vii) what role sylvatic or domestic animals could play in outbreak propagation, particularly during major epidemics such as the 2013-2015 West Africa situation. In this review, we address what we know and what we do not know about Ebola virus transmission. We also hypothesize that Ebola viruses have the potential to be respiratory pathogens with primary respiratory spread.Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but this is based on a limited number of studies. Key areas requiring further study include (i) the role of aerosol transmission (either via large droplets or small particles in the vicinity of source patients), (ii) the role of environmental contamination and fomite transmission, (iii) the degree to which minimally or mildly ill persons transmit infection, (iv) how long clinically relevant infectiousness persists, (v) the role that "superspreading events" may play in driving transmission dynamics, (vi) whether strain differences or repeated serial passage in outbreak settings can impact virus transmission, and (vii) what role sylvatic or domestic animals could play in outbreak propagation, particularly during major epidemics such as the 2013-2015 West Africa situation. In this review, we address what we know and what we do not know about Ebola virus transmission. We also hypothesize that Ebola viruses have the potential to be respiratory pathogens with primary respiratory spread. ABSTRACT Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but this is based on a limited number of studies. Key areas requiring further study include (i) the role of aerosol transmission (either via large droplets or small particles in the vicinity of source patients), (ii) the role of environmental contamination and fomite transmission, (iii) the degree to which minimally or mildly ill persons transmit infection, (iv) how long clinically relevant infectiousness persists, (v) the role that “superspreading events” may play in driving transmission dynamics, (vi) whether strain differences or repeated serial passage in outbreak settings can impact virus transmission, and (vii) what role sylvatic or domestic animals could play in outbreak propagation, particularly during major epidemics such as the 2013–2015 West Africa situation. In this review, we address what we know and what we do not know about Ebola virus transmission. We also hypothesize that Ebola viruses have the potential to be respiratory pathogens with primary respiratory spread.
Author	Muyembe, Jean-Jacques T. Grolla, Allen Murphy, Frederick A. Kapetshi, Jimmy Van Herp, Michel Kargbo, David K. Ilunga, Benoit Kebela Wolz, Anja Kobinger, Gary P. Kargbo, Brima Osterholm, Michael T. Brosseau, Lisa M. Wong, Gary LeDuc, James W. Strong, James E. Sanders, David Avram Formenty, Pierre Moore, Kristine A. Peters, Clarence J. Kelley, Nicholas S. Russell, Phillip K.
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Copyright	Copyright © 2015 Osterholm et al. 2015. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Copyright © 2015 Osterholm et al. 2015 Osterholm et al.
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26199336 - mBio. 2015 Jul 21;6(4):e01154. doi: 10.1128/mBio.01154-15.
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Snippet	Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus transmission, but... ABSTRACT Available evidence demonstrates that direct patient contact and contact with infectious body fluids are the primary modes for Ebola virus...
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SubjectTerms	aerosols Africa, Western - epidemiology Animals Asymptomatic Body fluids disease outbreaks Disease transmission Disease Transmission, Infectious Domestic animals droplets Ebola virus Ebolavirus Ebolavirus - isolation & purification Epidemics fomites Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - transmission Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola - virology Humans Illnesses Infections Masks Medical personnel Opinion/Hypothesis Outbreaks pathogens Patients people pollution Public health Respiratory diseases strain differences virus transmission Viruses Western Africa Zoonoses - transmission Zoonoses - virology
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Title	Transmission of Ebola Viruses: What We Know and What We Do Not Know
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