Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review

Age‐associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction. During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra‐abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle Jg. 13; H. 2; S. 781 - 794
Hauptverfasser:	Li, Chun‐wei, Yu, Kang, Shyh‐Chang, Ng, Jiang, Zongmin, Liu, Taoyan, Ma, Shilin, Luo, Lanfang, Guang, Lu, Liang, Kun, Ma, Wenwu, Miao, Hefan, Cao, Wenhua, Liu, Ruirui, Jiang, Ling‐juan, Yu, Song‐lin, Li, Chao, Liu, Hui‐jun, Xu, Long‐yu, Liu, Rong‐ji, Zhang, Xin‐yuan, Liu, Gao‐shan
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Germany John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01.04.2022 John Wiley and Sons Inc Wiley
Schlagworte:	Adipocytes Adipose Tissue - pathology Age Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Aging - physiology Atrophy Body composition Body fat Chronic illnesses Cytokines Disease Fractures Humans Hypoxia Inflammation Insulin resistance Lipids Metabolic syndrome MicroRNAs Muscle, Skeletal - pathology Musculoskeletal system Myosteatosis Obesity Obesity - pathology Oxidative stress Pathogenesis Proto‐sarcopenia Reactive oxygen species Review Reviews Sarcopenia Sarcopenia - etiology Sarcopenia - pathology Obesity Sarcopenia Insulin resistance Inflammation Proto-sarcopenia Myosteatosis
ISSN:	2190-5991, 2190-6009, 2190-6009
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Abstract	Age‐associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction. During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra‐abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations in skeletal muscles, resulting in decreased overall strength and functionality. Lipids and their derivatives accumulate both within and between muscle cells, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbing β‐oxidation of fatty acids, and enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance, as well as enhanced secretion of some pro‐inflammatory cytokines. In turn, these muscle‐secreted cytokines may exacerbate adipose tissue atrophy, support chronic low‐grade inflammation, and establish a vicious cycle of local hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation that spreads systemically, thus promoting the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). We call this the metabaging cycle. Patients with SO show an increased risk of systemic insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, associated chronic diseases, and the subsequent progression to full‐blown sarcopenia and even cachexia. Meanwhile in many cardiometabolic diseases, the ostensibly protective effect of obesity in extremely elderly subjects, also known as the ‘obesity paradox’, could possibly be explained by our theory that many elderly subjects with normal body mass index might actually harbour SO to various degrees, before it progresses to full‐blown severe sarcopenia. Our review outlines current knowledge concerning the possible chain of causation between sarcopenia and obesity, proposes a solution to the obesity paradox, and the role of fat mass in ageing.
AbstractList	Age‐associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction. During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra‐abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations in skeletal muscles, resulting in decreased overall strength and functionality. Lipids and their derivatives accumulate both within and between muscle cells, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbing β‐oxidation of fatty acids, and enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance, as well as enhanced secretion of some pro‐inflammatory cytokines. In turn, these muscle‐secreted cytokines may exacerbate adipose tissue atrophy, support chronic low‐grade inflammation, and establish a vicious cycle of local hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation that spreads systemically, thus promoting the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). We call this the metabaging cycle. Patients with SO show an increased risk of systemic insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, associated chronic diseases, and the subsequent progression to full‐blown sarcopenia and even cachexia. Meanwhile in many cardiometabolic diseases, the ostensibly protective effect of obesity in extremely elderly subjects, also known as the ‘obesity paradox’, could possibly be explained by our theory that many elderly subjects with normal body mass index might actually harbour SO to various degrees, before it progresses to full‐blown severe sarcopenia. Our review outlines current knowledge concerning the possible chain of causation between sarcopenia and obesity, proposes a solution to the obesity paradox, and the role of fat mass in ageing. Age-associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction. During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra-abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations in skeletal muscles, resulting in decreased overall strength and functionality. Lipids and their derivatives accumulate both within and between muscle cells, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbing β-oxidation of fatty acids, and enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance, as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. In turn, these muscle-secreted cytokines may exacerbate adipose tissue atrophy, support chronic low-grade inflammation, and establish a vicious cycle of local hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation that spreads systemically, thus promoting the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). We call this the metabaging cycle. Patients with SO show an increased risk of systemic insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, associated chronic diseases, and the subsequent progression to full-blown sarcopenia and even cachexia. Meanwhile in many cardiometabolic diseases, the ostensibly protective effect of obesity in extremely elderly subjects, also known as the 'obesity paradox', could possibly be explained by our theory that many elderly subjects with normal body mass index might actually harbour SO to various degrees, before it progresses to full-blown severe sarcopenia. Our review outlines current knowledge concerning the possible chain of causation between sarcopenia and obesity, proposes a solution to the obesity paradox, and the role of fat mass in ageing.Age-associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction. During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra-abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations in skeletal muscles, resulting in decreased overall strength and functionality. Lipids and their derivatives accumulate both within and between muscle cells, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbing β-oxidation of fatty acids, and enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance, as well as enhanced secretion of some pro-inflammatory cytokines. In turn, these muscle-secreted cytokines may exacerbate adipose tissue atrophy, support chronic low-grade inflammation, and establish a vicious cycle of local hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation that spreads systemically, thus promoting the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). We call this the metabaging cycle. Patients with SO show an increased risk of systemic insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, associated chronic diseases, and the subsequent progression to full-blown sarcopenia and even cachexia. Meanwhile in many cardiometabolic diseases, the ostensibly protective effect of obesity in extremely elderly subjects, also known as the 'obesity paradox', could possibly be explained by our theory that many elderly subjects with normal body mass index might actually harbour SO to various degrees, before it progresses to full-blown severe sarcopenia. Our review outlines current knowledge concerning the possible chain of causation between sarcopenia and obesity, proposes a solution to the obesity paradox, and the role of fat mass in ageing. Abstract Age‐associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle dysfunction. During ageing, adipose inflammation leads to the redistribution of fat to the intra‐abdominal area (visceral fat) and fatty infiltrations in skeletal muscles, resulting in decreased overall strength and functionality. Lipids and their derivatives accumulate both within and between muscle cells, inducing mitochondrial dysfunction, disturbing β‐oxidation of fatty acids, and enhancing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to lipotoxicity and insulin resistance, as well as enhanced secretion of some pro‐inflammatory cytokines. In turn, these muscle‐secreted cytokines may exacerbate adipose tissue atrophy, support chronic low‐grade inflammation, and establish a vicious cycle of local hyperlipidaemia, insulin resistance, and inflammation that spreads systemically, thus promoting the development of sarcopenic obesity (SO). We call this the metabaging cycle. Patients with SO show an increased risk of systemic insulin resistance, systemic inflammation, associated chronic diseases, and the subsequent progression to full‐blown sarcopenia and even cachexia. Meanwhile in many cardiometabolic diseases, the ostensibly protective effect of obesity in extremely elderly subjects, also known as the ‘obesity paradox’, could possibly be explained by our theory that many elderly subjects with normal body mass index might actually harbour SO to various degrees, before it progresses to full‐blown severe sarcopenia. Our review outlines current knowledge concerning the possible chain of causation between sarcopenia and obesity, proposes a solution to the obesity paradox, and the role of fat mass in ageing.
Author	Li, Chun‐wei Yu, Kang Zhang, Xin‐yuan Shyh‐Chang, Ng Liu, Hui‐jun Yu, Song‐lin Ma, Shilin Jiang, Zongmin Liang, Kun Liu, Rong‐ji Xu, Long‐yu Luo, Lanfang Miao, Hefan Jiang, Ling‐juan Cao, Wenhua Liu, Taoyan Ma, Wenwu Liu, Ruirui Li, Chao Guang, Lu Liu, Gao‐shan
AuthorAffiliation	10 Department of stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition & Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China 9 Department of Pharmacy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China 4 Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China 8 Department of Sport Physiatry, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China 11 Department of Health Education Shijingshan Center for Disease Prevention and Control Beijing China 5 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospit
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Department of Clinical Nutrition & Health Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China – name: 10 Department of stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China – name: 9 Department of Pharmacy, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China – name: 7 Department of nursing & Clinical Nutrition, Dongzhimen Hospital Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Beijing China – name: 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China – name: 8 Department of Sport Physiatry, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China – name: 2 State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China – name: 6 Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, The Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University China (Tianjin Union Medical Center Tianjin China – name: 4 Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China – name: 5 Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China – name: 11 Department of Health Education Shijingshan Center for Disease Prevention and Control Beijing China
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Chun‐wei surname: Li fullname: Li, Chun‐wei organization: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College – sequence: 2 givenname: Kang orcidid: 0000-0002-6939-7275 surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Kang email: yuk1997@sina.com organization: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College – sequence: 3 givenname: Ng surname: Shyh‐Chang fullname: Shyh‐Chang, Ng email: huangsq@ioz.ac.cn organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 4 givenname: Zongmin surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Zongmin organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 5 givenname: Taoyan surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Taoyan organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 6 givenname: Shilin surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Shilin organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 7 givenname: Lanfang surname: Luo fullname: Luo, Lanfang organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 8 givenname: Lu surname: Guang fullname: Guang, Lu organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 9 givenname: Kun surname: Liang fullname: Liang, Kun organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 10 givenname: Wenwu surname: Ma fullname: Ma, Wenwu organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 11 givenname: Hefan surname: Miao fullname: Miao, Hefan organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 12 givenname: Wenhua surname: Cao fullname: Cao, Wenhua organization: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 13 givenname: Ruirui surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Ruirui organization: Chinese Academy of Sciences – sequence: 14 givenname: Ling‐juan surname: Jiang fullname: Jiang, Ling‐juan organization: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College – sequence: 15 givenname: Song‐lin surname: Yu fullname: Yu, Song‐lin organization: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College – sequence: 16 givenname: Chao surname: Li fullname: Li, Chao organization: China (Tianjin Union Medical Center – sequence: 17 givenname: Hui‐jun surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Hui‐jun organization: Beijing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine – sequence: 18 givenname: Long‐yu surname: Xu fullname: Xu, Long‐yu organization: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College – sequence: 19 givenname: Rong‐ji surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Rong‐ji organization: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College – sequence: 20 givenname: Xin‐yuan surname: Zhang fullname: Zhang, Xin‐yuan organization: Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College – sequence: 21 givenname: Gao‐shan surname: Liu fullname: Liu, Gao‐shan organization: Shijingshan Center for Disease Prevention and Control
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35106971$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	2022 The Authors. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society on Sarcopenia, Cachexia and Wasting Disorders. 2022. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.
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Snippet	Age‐associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle... Age-associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle... Abstract Age‐associated obesity and muscle atrophy (sarcopenia) are intimately connected and are reciprocally regulated by adipose tissue and skeletal muscle...
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SubjectTerms	Adipocytes Adipose Tissue - pathology Age Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging Aging - physiology Atrophy Body composition Body fat Chronic illnesses Cytokines Disease Fractures Humans Hypoxia Inflammation Insulin resistance Lipids Metabolic syndrome MicroRNAs Muscle, Skeletal - pathology Musculoskeletal system Myosteatosis Obesity Obesity - pathology Oxidative stress Pathogenesis Proto‐sarcopenia Reactive oxygen species Review Reviews Sarcopenia Sarcopenia - etiology Sarcopenia - pathology
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Title	Pathogenesis of sarcopenia and the relationship with fat mass: descriptive review
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