Utilitarianism and the pandemic

There are no egalitarians in a pandemic. The scale of the challenge for health systems and public policy means that there is an ineluctable need to prioritize the needs of the many. It is impossible to treat all citizens equally, and a failure to carefully consider the consequences of actions could...

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Vydáno v:	Bioethics Ročník 34; číslo 6; s. 620 - 632
Hlavní autoři:	Savulescu, Julian, Persson, Ingmar, Wilkinson, Dominic
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	England Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.07.2020 John Wiley and Sons Inc
Témata:	Action Bioethics Biomedical Social Sciences Citizen participation Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology COVID-19 Covid‐19: Original Deaths Emergency Medical Services - ethics Ethical Theory Ethics Health care Health services Humans Medical Ethics Medicinsk etik pandemic ethics Pandemics Pandemics - ethics Patient Rights - ethics Patients Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology Public health Public policy resource allocation responsibility Social Issues Social Justice - ethics Social Sciences - Other Topics Supply & demand Triage unemployment Utilitarianism Well being Willingness to pay COVID-19 resource allocation pandemic ethics utilitarianism
ISSN:	0269-9702, 1467-8519, 1467-8519
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Abstract	There are no egalitarians in a pandemic. The scale of the challenge for health systems and public policy means that there is an ineluctable need to prioritize the needs of the many. It is impossible to treat all citizens equally, and a failure to carefully consider the consequences of actions could lead to massive preventable loss of life. In a pandemic there is a strong ethical need to consider how to do most good overall. Utilitarianism is an influential moral theory that states that the right action is the action that is expected to produce the greatest good. It offers clear operationalizable principles. In this paper we provide a summary of how utilitarianism could inform two challenging questions that have been important in the early phase of the pandemic: (a) Triage: which patients should receive access to a ventilator if there is overwhelming demand outstripping supply? (b) Lockdown: how should countries decide when to implement stringent social restrictions, balancing preventing deaths from COVID‐19 with causing deaths and reductions in well‐being from other causes? Our aim is not to argue that utilitarianism is the only relevant ethical theory, or in favour of a purely utilitarian approach. However, clearly considering which options will do the most good overall will help societies identify and consider the necessary cost of other values. Societies may choose either to embrace or not to embrace the utilitarian course, but with a clear understanding of the values involved and the price they are willing to pay.
AbstractList	There are no egalitarians in a pandemic. The scale of the challenge for health systems and public policy means that there is an ineluctable need to prioritize the needs of the many. It is impossible to treat all citizens equally, and a failure to carefully consider the consequences of actions could lead to massive preventable loss of life. In a pandemic there is a strong ethical need to consider how to do most good overall. Utilitarianism is an influential moral theory that states that the right action is the action that is expected to produce the greatest good. It offers clear operationalizable principles. In this paper we provide a summary of how utilitarianism could inform two challenging questions that have been important in the early phase of the pandemic: (a) Triage: which patients should receive access to a ventilator if there is overwhelming demand outstripping supply? (b) Lockdown: how should countries decide when to implement stringent social restrictions, balancing preventing deaths from COVID-19 with causing deaths and reductions in well-being from other causes? Our aim is not to argue that utilitarianism is the only relevant ethical theory, or in favour of a purely utilitarian approach. However, clearly considering which options will do the most good overall will help societies identify and consider the necessary cost of other values. Societies may choose either to embrace or not to embrace the utilitarian course, but with a clear understanding of the values involved and the price they are willing to pay.There are no egalitarians in a pandemic. The scale of the challenge for health systems and public policy means that there is an ineluctable need to prioritize the needs of the many. It is impossible to treat all citizens equally, and a failure to carefully consider the consequences of actions could lead to massive preventable loss of life. In a pandemic there is a strong ethical need to consider how to do most good overall. Utilitarianism is an influential moral theory that states that the right action is the action that is expected to produce the greatest good. It offers clear operationalizable principles. In this paper we provide a summary of how utilitarianism could inform two challenging questions that have been important in the early phase of the pandemic: (a) Triage: which patients should receive access to a ventilator if there is overwhelming demand outstripping supply? (b) Lockdown: how should countries decide when to implement stringent social restrictions, balancing preventing deaths from COVID-19 with causing deaths and reductions in well-being from other causes? Our aim is not to argue that utilitarianism is the only relevant ethical theory, or in favour of a purely utilitarian approach. However, clearly considering which options will do the most good overall will help societies identify and consider the necessary cost of other values. Societies may choose either to embrace or not to embrace the utilitarian course, but with a clear understanding of the values involved and the price they are willing to pay. There are no egalitarians in a pandemic. The scale of the challenge for health systems and public policy means that there is an ineluctable need to prioritize the needs of the many. It is impossible to treat all citizens equally, and a failure to carefully consider the consequences of actions could lead to massive preventable loss of life. In a pandemic there is a strong ethical need to consider how to do most good overall. Utilitarianism is an influential moral theory that states that the right action is the action that is expected to produce the greatest good. It offers clear operationalizable principles. In this paper we provide a summary of how utilitarianism could inform two challenging questions that have been important in the early phase of the pandemic: (a) Triage: which patients should receive access to a ventilator if there is overwhelming demand outstripping supply? (b) Lockdown: how should countries decide when to implement stringent social restrictions, balancing preventing deaths from COVID‐19 with causing deaths and reductions in well‐being from other causes? Our aim is not to argue that utilitarianism is the only relevant ethical theory, or in favour of a purely utilitarian approach. However, clearly considering which options will do the most good overall will help societies identify and consider the necessary cost of other values. Societies may choose either to embrace or not to embrace the utilitarian course, but with a clear understanding of the values involved and the price they are willing to pay.
Author	Savulescu, Julian Wilkinson, Dominic Persson, Ingmar
AuthorAffiliation	6 John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 5 Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science Gothenburg University Gothenburg Sweden 4 Distinguished Visiting Professor in Law, Melbourne Law School University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia 1 Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 3 Visiting Professorial Fellow in Biomedical Ethics, Biomedical Ethics Research Group Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Melbourne Australia 2 Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 6 John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – name: 5 Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science Gothenburg University Gothenburg Sweden – name: 4 Distinguished Visiting Professor in Law, Melbourne Law School University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia – name: 1 Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – name: 3 Visiting Professorial Fellow in Biomedical Ethics, Biomedical Ethics Research Group Murdoch Children’s Research Institute Melbourne Australia – name: 2 Wellcome Centre for Ethics and Humanities University of Oxford Oxford United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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SubjectTerms	Action Bioethics Biomedical Social Sciences Citizen participation Coronavirus Infections - epidemiology COVID-19 Covid‐19: Original Deaths Emergency Medical Services - ethics Ethical Theory Ethics Health care Health services Humans Medical Ethics Medicinsk etik pandemic ethics Pandemics Pandemics - ethics Patient Rights - ethics Patients Pneumonia, Viral - epidemiology Public health Public policy resource allocation responsibility Social Issues Social Justice - ethics Social Sciences - Other Topics Supply & demand Triage unemployment Utilitarianism Well being Willingness to pay
Title	Utilitarianism and the pandemic
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