AI-driven balance evaluation: a comparative study between blind and non-blind individuals using the mini-BESTest

There are 2.2 billion visually impaired individuals and 285 million blind people worldwide. The vestibular system plays a fundamental role in the balance of a person related to sight and hearing, and thus blind people require physical therapy to improve their balance. Several clinical tests have bee...

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Veröffentlicht in:	PeerJ. Computer science Jg. 11; S. e2695
Hauptverfasser:	Jaén-Vargas, Milagros, Pagán, Josué, Li, Shiyang, Trujillo-Guerrero, María Fernanda, Kazemi, Niloufar, Sansò, Alessio, Codina-Casals, Benito, Abi Zeid Daou, Roy, Serrano Olmedo, Jose Javier
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States PeerJ. Ltd 14.03.2025 PeerJ Inc
Schlagworte:	Algorithms and Analysis of Algorithms Artificial Intelligence Balance Blind Care and treatment Data Mining and Machine Learning IMU Machine learning Methods mini-BESTest Neural Networks OpenSense RT Physical therapy Quaternions Rehabilitation Technology application Therapeutics, Physiological Spain IMU Blind Quaternions mini-BESTest Artificial intelligence Balance OpenSense RT
ISSN:	2376-5992, 2376-5992
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Abstract	There are 2.2 billion visually impaired individuals and 285 million blind people worldwide. The vestibular system plays a fundamental role in the balance of a person related to sight and hearing, and thus blind people require physical therapy to improve their balance. Several clinical tests have been developed to evaluate balance, such as the mini-BESTest. This test has been used to evaluate the balance of people with neurological diseases, but there have been no studies that evaluate the balance of blind individuals before. Furthermore, despite the scoring of these tests being not subjective, the performance of some activities are subject to the physiotherapist’s bias. Tele-rehabilitation is a growing field that aims to provide physical therapy to people with disabilities. Among the technologies used in tele-rehabilitation are inertial measurement units that can be used to monitor the balance of individuals. The amount of data collected by these devices is large and the use of deep learning models can help in analyzing these data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze for the first time the balance of blind individuals using the mini-BESTest and inertial measurement units and to identify the activities that best differentiate between blind and sighted individuals. We use the OpenSense RT monitoring device to collect data from the inertial measurement unit, and we develop machine learning and deep learning models to predict the score of the most relevant mini-BESTest activities. In this study 29 blind and sighted individuals participated. The one-legged stance is the activity that best differentiates between blind and sighted individuals. An analysis on the acceleration data suggests that the evaluation of physiotherapists is not completely adjusted to the test criterion. Cluster analysis suggests that inertial data are not able to distinguish between three levels of evaluation. However, the performance of our models shows an F1-score of 85.6% in predicting the score evaluated by the mini-BESTest in a binary classification problem. The results of this study can help physiotherapists have a more objective evaluation of the balance of their patients and to develop tele-rehabilitation systems for blind individuals.
AbstractList	There are 2.2 billion visually impaired individuals and 285 million blind people worldwide. The vestibular system plays a fundamental role in the balance of a person related to sight and hearing, and thus blind people require physical therapy to improve their balance. Several clinical tests have been developed to evaluate balance, such as the mini-BESTest. This test has been used to evaluate the balance of people with neurological diseases, but there have been no studies that evaluate the balance of blind individuals before. Furthermore, despite the scoring of these tests being not subjective, the performance of some activities are subject to the physiotherapist’s bias. Tele-rehabilitation is a growing field that aims to provide physical therapy to people with disabilities. Among the technologies used in tele-rehabilitation are inertial measurement units that can be used to monitor the balance of individuals. The amount of data collected by these devices is large and the use of deep learning models can help in analyzing these data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze for the first time the balance of blind individuals using the mini-BESTest and inertial measurement units and to identify the activities that best differentiate between blind and sighted individuals. We use the OpenSense RT monitoring device to collect data from the inertial measurement unit, and we develop machine learning and deep learning models to predict the score of the most relevant mini-BESTest activities. In this study 29 blind and sighted individuals participated. The one-legged stance is the activity that best differentiates between blind and sighted individuals. An analysis on the acceleration data suggests that the evaluation of physiotherapists is not completely adjusted to the test criterion. Cluster analysis suggests that inertial data are not able to distinguish between three levels of evaluation. However, the performance of our models shows an F1-score of 85.6% in predicting the score evaluated by the mini-BESTest in a binary classification problem. The results of this study can help physiotherapists have a more objective evaluation of the balance of their patients and to develop tele-rehabilitation systems for blind individuals. There are 2.2 billion visually impaired individuals and 285 million blind people worldwide. The vestibular system plays a fundamental role in the balance of a person related to sight and hearing, and thus blind people require physical therapy to improve their balance. Several clinical tests have been developed to evaluate balance, such as the mini-BESTest. This test has been used to evaluate the balance of people with neurological diseases, but there have been no studies that evaluate the balance of blind individuals before. Furthermore, despite the scoring of these tests being not subjective, the performance of some activities are subject to the physiotherapist's bias. Tele-rehabilitation is a growing field that aims to provide physical therapy to people with disabilities. Among the technologies used in tele-rehabilitation are inertial measurement units that can be used to monitor the balance of individuals. The amount of data collected by these devices is large and the use of deep learning models can help in analyzing these data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze for the first time the balance of blind individuals using the mini-BESTest and inertial measurement units and to identify the activities that best differentiate between blind and sighted individuals. We use the OpenSense RT monitoring device to collect data from the inertial measurement unit, and we develop machine learning and deep learning models to predict the score of the most relevant mini-BESTest activities. In this study 29 blind and sighted individuals participated. The one-legged stance is the activity that best differentiates between blind and sighted individuals. An analysis on the acceleration data suggests that the evaluation of physiotherapists is not completely adjusted to the test criterion. Cluster analysis suggests that inertial data are not able to distinguish between three levels of evaluation. However, the performance of our models shows an F1-score of 85.6% in predicting the score evaluated by the mini-BESTest in a binary classification problem. The results of this study can help physiotherapists have a more objective evaluation of the balance of their patients and to develop tele-rehabilitation systems for blind individuals.There are 2.2 billion visually impaired individuals and 285 million blind people worldwide. The vestibular system plays a fundamental role in the balance of a person related to sight and hearing, and thus blind people require physical therapy to improve their balance. Several clinical tests have been developed to evaluate balance, such as the mini-BESTest. This test has been used to evaluate the balance of people with neurological diseases, but there have been no studies that evaluate the balance of blind individuals before. Furthermore, despite the scoring of these tests being not subjective, the performance of some activities are subject to the physiotherapist's bias. Tele-rehabilitation is a growing field that aims to provide physical therapy to people with disabilities. Among the technologies used in tele-rehabilitation are inertial measurement units that can be used to monitor the balance of individuals. The amount of data collected by these devices is large and the use of deep learning models can help in analyzing these data. Therefore, the objective of this study is to analyze for the first time the balance of blind individuals using the mini-BESTest and inertial measurement units and to identify the activities that best differentiate between blind and sighted individuals. We use the OpenSense RT monitoring device to collect data from the inertial measurement unit, and we develop machine learning and deep learning models to predict the score of the most relevant mini-BESTest activities. In this study 29 blind and sighted individuals participated. The one-legged stance is the activity that best differentiates between blind and sighted individuals. An analysis on the acceleration data suggests that the evaluation of physiotherapists is not completely adjusted to the test criterion. Cluster analysis suggests that inertial data are not able to distinguish between three levels of evaluation. However, the performance of our models shows an F1-score of 85.6% in predicting the score evaluated by the mini-BESTest in a binary classification problem. The results of this study can help physiotherapists have a more objective evaluation of the balance of their patients and to develop tele-rehabilitation systems for blind individuals.
ArticleNumber	e2695
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Author	Codina-Casals, Benito Abi Zeid Daou, Roy Trujillo-Guerrero, María Fernanda Sansò, Alessio Pagán, Josué Kazemi, Niloufar Serrano Olmedo, Jose Javier Jaén-Vargas, Milagros Li, Shiyang
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Keywords	IMU Blind Quaternions mini-BESTest Artificial intelligence Balance OpenSense RT
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Snippet	There are 2.2 billion visually impaired individuals and 285 million blind people worldwide. The vestibular system plays a fundamental role in the balance of a...
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SubjectTerms	Algorithms and Analysis of Algorithms Artificial Intelligence Balance Blind Care and treatment Data Mining and Machine Learning IMU Machine learning Methods mini-BESTest Neural Networks OpenSense RT Physical therapy Quaternions Rehabilitation Technology application Therapeutics, Physiological
Title	AI-driven balance evaluation: a comparative study between blind and non-blind individuals using the mini-BESTest
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