Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update
ABSTRACT This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in‐person meetin...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Movement disorders Jg. 28; H. 7; S. 863 - 873 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
United States
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
15.06.2013
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0885-3185, 1531-8257, 1531-8257 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
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| Abstract | ABSTRACT
This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in‐person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society |
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| AbstractList | This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in‐person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in-person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in-person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society.This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in-person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society. This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in-person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society. This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during three in-person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along two axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features), and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. ABSTRACT This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the definition and classification of dystonia. Agreement was obtained based on a consensus development methodology during 3 in‐person meetings and manuscript review by mail. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal, often repetitive, movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements are typically patterned and twisting, and may be tremulous. Dystonia is often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and associated with overflow muscle activation. Dystonia is classified along 2 axes: clinical characteristics, including age at onset, body distribution, temporal pattern and associated features (additional movement disorders or neurological features); and etiology, which includes nervous system pathology and inheritance. The clinical characteristics fall into several specific dystonia syndromes that help to guide diagnosis and treatment. We provide here a new general definition of dystonia and propose a new classification. We encourage clinicians and researchers to use these innovative definition and classification and test them in the clinical setting on a variety of patients with dystonia. © 2013 Movement Disorder Society |
| Author | Jankovic, Joseph Bressman, Susan B. Albanese, Alberto Fung, Victor S.C. Jinnah, Hyder A. DeLong, Mahlon R. Lang, Anthony E. Mink, Jonathan W. Bhatia, Kailash Hallett, Mark Fahn, Stanley Klein, Christine Teller, Jan K. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 9 Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA 13 Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA 2 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK 10 Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics at the Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany 7 Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA 6 Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital & Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 1 Department of Neurology, Catholic University and Carlo Best a National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy 11 Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada 4 Department of Neurology, Emory, University, Atlanta GA, USA 8 Parki |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 11 Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada – name: 1 Department of Neurology, Catholic University and Carlo Best a National Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy – name: 7 Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA – name: 8 Parkinson’s Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA – name: 2 Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK – name: 4 Department of Neurology, Emory, University, Atlanta GA, USA – name: 10 Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics at the Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany – name: 13 Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, Chicago, IL, USA – name: 5 Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA – name: 12 Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology & Anatomy, Brain & Cognitive Sciences, and Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA – name: 9 Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta GA, USA – name: 6 Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital & Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia – name: 3 Departments of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY and Bronx, NY, USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Alberto surname: Albanese fullname: Albanese, Alberto email: alberto.albanese@unicatt.it organization: Department of Neurology, Catholic University, Milan, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Kailash surname: Bhatia fullname: Bhatia, Kailash organization: Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom – sequence: 3 givenname: Susan B. surname: Bressman fullname: Bressman, Susan B. organization: Departments of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York and Bronx, New York, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Mahlon R. surname: DeLong fullname: DeLong, Mahlon R. organization: Department of Neurology, Emory University, Georgia, Atlanta, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Stanley surname: Fahn fullname: Fahn, Stanley organization: Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Victor S.C. surname: Fung fullname: Fung, Victor S.C. organization: Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia – sequence: 7 givenname: Mark surname: Hallett fullname: Hallett, Mark organization: Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Maryland, Bethesda, USA – sequence: 8 givenname: Joseph surname: Jankovic fullname: Jankovic, Joseph organization: Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, Houston, USA – sequence: 9 givenname: Hyder A. surname: Jinnah fullname: Jinnah, Hyder A. organization: Departments of Neurology, Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University, Georgia, Atlanta, USA – sequence: 10 givenname: Christine surname: Klein fullname: Klein, Christine organization: Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics at the Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany – sequence: 11 givenname: Anthony E. surname: Lang fullname: Lang, Anthony E. organization: Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada – sequence: 12 givenname: Jonathan W. surname: Mink fullname: Mink, Jonathan W. organization: Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA – sequence: 13 givenname: Jan K. surname: Teller fullname: Teller, Jan K. organization: Dystonia Medical Research Foundation, Illinois, Chicago, USA |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23649720$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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Lalli S, Albanese A. The diagnostic challenge of primary dystonia: evidence from misdiagnosis. Mov Disord 2010;25:1619-1626. Oppenheim H. About a rare spasm disease of childhood and young age (Dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans). Neurologische Centralblatt 1911;30:1090-1107. Sitburana O, Wu LJ, Sheffield JK, Davidson A, Jankovic J. Motor overflow and mirror dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009;15:758-761. Chan J, Brin MF, Fahn S. Idiopathic cervical dystonia: clinical characteristics. Mov Disord 1991;6:119-126. Bressman SB. Dystonia genotypes, phenotypes, and classification. Adv Neurol 2004;94:101-107. Schneider SA, Bhatia KP. Rare causes of dystonia parkinsonism. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010;10:431-439. Obeso JA, Rothwell JC, Lang AE, Marsden CD. Myoclonic dystonia. Neurology 1983;33:825-830. Evatt ML, Freeman A, Factor S. Adult-onset dystonia. Handb Clin Neurol 2011;100:481-511. Marelli C, Canafoglia L, Zibordi F, et al. 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Mov Disord 2009;24:490-499. Marsden CD. Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:1204-1209. Flatau E, Sterling W. Progressive torsion spasm in children. Z ges Neurol Psychiat 1911;7:586-612. Marsden CD. Dystonia: the spectrum of the disease. Res Publ Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1976;55:351-367. Stamelou M, Edwards MJ, Hallett M, Bhatia KP. The non-motor syndrome of primary dystonia: clinical and pathophysiological implications. Brain 2012;135:1668-1681. Ludlow CL. Spasmodic dysphonia: a laryngeal control disorder specific to speech. J Neurosci 2011;31:793-797. Murphy MK, Black NA, Lamping DL, et al. Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. Health Technol Assess 1998;2:1-88. Fuchs T, Saunders-Pullman R, Masuho I, et al. Mutations in GNAL cause primary torsion dystonia. Nat Genet 2012;45:88-92. Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. 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Mov Disord 2006;21:1411-1418. Valente EM, Albanese A. "Gluing" phenotypes together: the case of GLUT1. Neurology 2011;77:934-935. Phukan J, Albanese A, Gasser T, Warner T. Primary dystonia and dystonia-plus syndromes: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:1074-1085. Sanger TD. Pathophysiology of pediatric movement disorders. J Child Neurol 2003;18(Suppl 1):S9-S24. Muller U, Steinberger D, Nemeth AH. Clinical and molecular genetics of primary dystonias. Neurogenetics 1998;1:165-177. 2010; 10 2009; 24 1988; 38 2011; 31 2003; 250 2008 2010; 166 1897 2007 2011; 77 2011; 10 1988; 50 1911; 7 1982; 105 2003; 18 1988; 51 2012; 78 2008; 70 2011; 18 1991; 6 1983; 33 1911; 30 2012; 91 1976; 14 2004; 94 2010; 25 1976; 55 2012; 135 2006; 21 2000; 247 2000; 54 2004; 56 1888 1844 1987 2008; 23 1998; 2 1998; 1 2011; 26 1976; 39 2012; 45 1998; 78 2011; 100 2009; 15 e_1_2_8_28_1 e_1_2_8_29_1 e_1_2_8_24_1 e_1_2_8_47_1 Oppenheim H (e_1_2_8_3_1) 1911; 30 e_1_2_8_25_1 e_1_2_8_46_1 e_1_2_8_26_1 e_1_2_8_27_1 e_1_2_8_48_1 Marsden CD (e_1_2_8_7_1) 1976; 55 e_1_2_8_2_1 Bressman SB (e_1_2_8_14_1) 2004; 94 e_1_2_8_4_1 e_1_2_8_9_1 e_1_2_8_8_1 e_1_2_8_20_1 e_1_2_8_43_1 e_1_2_8_21_1 e_1_2_8_42_1 e_1_2_8_22_1 e_1_2_8_45_1 e_1_2_8_23_1 e_1_2_8_44_1 e_1_2_8_41_1 Fahn S (e_1_2_8_11_1) 1976; 14 e_1_2_8_40_1 e_1_2_8_17_1 e_1_2_8_18_1 e_1_2_8_39_1 e_1_2_8_19_1 Fahn S (e_1_2_8_10_1) 1987 e_1_2_8_13_1 e_1_2_8_36_1 e_1_2_8_35_1 e_1_2_8_15_1 e_1_2_8_38_1 Dana CL (e_1_2_8_6_1) 1897 e_1_2_8_37_1 Kopp UA (e_1_2_8_5_1) 1844 (e_1_2_8_16_1) 2008 e_1_2_8_32_1 e_1_2_8_31_1 e_1_2_8_34_1 e_1_2_8_12_1 e_1_2_8_33_1 e_1_2_8_30_1 24591228 - Mov Disord. 2014 Apr;29(4):578. doi: 10.1002/mds.25840. 24590449 - Mov Disord. 2014 Apr;29(4):578-9. doi: 10.1002/mds.25861. |
| References_xml | – reference: Gasser T. Hunting for genes and mutations: it's worth remembering the basics. Neurology 2008;70:1373-1374. – reference: Fasano A, Nardocci N, Elia AE, Zorzi G, Bentivoglio AR, Albanese A. Non-DYT1 early-onset primary torsion dystonia: comparison with DYT1 phenotype and review of the literature. Mov Disord 2006;21:1411-1418. – reference: Webster's New World Medical Dictionary. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2008. – reference: Grandas F, Elston J, Quinn N, Marsden CD. Blepharospasm: a review of 264 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:767-772. – reference: Rosencrantz R, Schilsky M. Wilson disease: pathogenesis and clinical considerations in diagnosis and treatment. Semin Liver Dis 2011;31:245-259. – reference: Albanese A, Asmus F, Bhatia KP, et al. EFNS guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of primary dystonias. Eur J Neurol 2011;18:5-18. – reference: Dana CL. Text-book of nervous diseases being a compendium for the use of students and practitioners of medicine. New York: W. Wood; 1897. – reference: Albanese A. The clinical expression of primary dystonia. J Neurol 2003;250:1145-1151. – reference: Oppenheim H. About a rare spasm disease of childhood and young age (Dysbasia lordotica progressiva, dystonia musculorum deformans). Neurologische Centralblatt 1911;30:1090-1107. – reference: Elia AE, Albanese A. Emerging parkinsonian phenotypes. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2010;166:834-840. – reference: Cohen LG, Hallett M. Hand cramps: clinical features and electromyographic patterns in a focal dystonia. Neurology 1988;38:1005-1012. – reference: Schneider SA, Bhatia KP, Hardy J. Complicated recessive dystonia parkinsonism syndromes. Mov Disord 2009;24:490-499. – reference: Fahn S, Bressman SB, Marsden CD. Classification of dystonia. Adv Neurol 1998;78:1-10. – reference: Valente EM, Albanese A. "Gluing" phenotypes together: the case of GLUT1. Neurology 2011;77:934-935. – reference: Fuchs T, Saunders-Pullman R, Masuho I, et al. Mutations in GNAL cause primary torsion dystonia. Nat Genet 2012;45:88-92. – reference: Schneider SA, Bhatia KP. Rare causes of dystonia parkinsonism. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2010;10:431-439. – reference: Chan J, Brin MF, Fahn S. Idiopathic cervical dystonia: clinical characteristics. Mov Disord 1991;6:119-126. – reference: McNaught KS, Kapustin A, Jackson T, et al. Brainstem pathology in DYT1 primary torsion dystonia. Ann Neurol 2004;56:540-547. – reference: Fahn S, Eldridge R. Definition of dystonia and classification of the dystonic states. Adv Neurol 1976;14:1-5. – reference: Marras C, Lohmann K, Lang A, Klein C. Fixing the broken system of genetic locus symbols: Parkinson disease and dystonia as examples. Neurology 2012;78:1016-1024. – reference: Bressman SB. Dystonia genotypes, phenotypes, and classification. Adv Neurol 2004;94:101-107. – reference: Murphy MK, Black NA, Lamping DL, et al. Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. Health Technol Assess 1998;2:1-88. – reference: Fahn S. Concept and classification of dystonia. Adv Neurol 1988;50:1-8. – reference: Kopp UA. Denkwürdigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis. Frankfurt: Hermann; 1844. – reference: Bressman SB, Sabatti C, Raymond D, et al. The DYT1 phenotype and guidelines for diagnostic testing. Neurology 2000;54:1746-1752. – reference: Sanger TD. Pathophysiology of pediatric movement disorders. J Child Neurol 2003;18(Suppl 1):S9-S24. – reference: Charlesworth G, Plagnol V, Holmstrom KM, et al. Mutations in ANO3 cause dominant craniocervical dystonia: ion channel implicated in pathogenesis. Am J Hum Genet 2012;91:1041-1050. – reference: The Epidemiological Study of Dystonia in Europe (ESDE) Collaborative Group. A prevalence study of primary dystonia in eight European countries. J Neurol 2000;247:787-792. – reference: Lalli S, Albanese A. The diagnostic challenge of primary dystonia: evidence from misdiagnosis. Mov Disord 2010;25:1619-1626. – reference: Albanese A, Lalli S. Is this dystonia? Mov Disord 2009;24:1725-1731. – reference: Obeso JA, Rothwell JC, Lang AE, Marsden CD. Myoclonic dystonia. Neurology 1983;33:825-830. – reference: Muller U, Steinberger D, Nemeth AH. Clinical and molecular genetics of primary dystonias. Neurogenetics 1998;1:165-177. – reference: Evatt ML, Freeman A, Factor S. Adult-onset dystonia. Handb Clin Neurol 2011;100:481-511. – reference: Fahn S. Classification of movement disorders. Mov Disord 2011;26:947-957. – reference: Weiss EM, Hershey T, Karimi M, et al. Relative risk of spread of symptoms among the focal onset primary dystonias. Mov Disord 2006;21:1175-1181. – reference: Sitburana O, Wu LJ, Sheffield JK, Davidson A, Jankovic J. Motor overflow and mirror dystonia. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009;15:758-761. – reference: Ludlow CL. Spasmodic dysphonia: a laryngeal control disorder specific to speech. J Neurosci 2011;31:793-797. – reference: Gowers WR. A manual of diseases of the nervous system. 2nd ed. London: Churchill; 1888. – reference: Marelli C, Canafoglia L, Zibordi F, et al. A neurophysiological study of myoclonus in patients with DYT11 myoclonus-dystonia syndrome. Mov Disord 2008;23:2041-2048. – reference: Flatau E, Sterling W. Progressive torsion spasm in children. Z ges Neurol Psychiat 1911;7:586-612. – reference: Marsden CD. Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Brueghel's syndrome). A variant of adult-onset torsion dystonia? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976;39:1204-1209. – reference: Phukan J, Albanese A, Gasser T, Warner T. Primary dystonia and dystonia-plus syndromes: clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Lancet Neurol 2011;10:1074-1085. – reference: Marsden CD. Dystonia: the spectrum of the disease. 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This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed... This report describes the consensus outcome of an international panel consisting of investigators with years of experience in this field that reviewed the... |
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| SubjectTerms | Age of Onset classification Consensus Databases, Factual - statistics & numerical data definition dystonia Dystonia - classification Dystonia - etiology Dystonia - physiopathology Humans International Cooperation Movement disorders Nervous System - pathology |
| Title | Phenomenology and classification of dystonia: A consensus update |
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