“Constant Stress Has Become the New Normal”: Stress and Anxiety Inequalities Among U.S. College Students in the Time of COVID-19

The purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. We recruited, via Instagram, a sample of full-time college students aged 18–22 from across the U.S. We surveyed them in April...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of adolescent health Jg. 68; H. 2; S. 270 - 276
Hauptverfasser:	Hoyt, Lindsay Till, Cohen, Alison K., Dull, Brandon, Maker Castro, Elena, Yazdani, Neshat
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	United States Elsevier Inc 01.02.2021 Elsevier BV
Schlagworte:	Adolescents Adult Adults Anxiety Anxiety - psychology Cisgender College students COVID-19 COVID-19 - psychology Depression - psychology Ethnic Groups - statistics & numerical data Ethnic identity Ethnicity Female Gender identity Health equity Heterosexuality Heterosexuality - psychology Heterosexuality - statistics & numerical data Humans Income - statistics & numerical data Inequality Infectious diseases LGBTQ people Male Mental health Pandemics Qualitative Research Race Self concept Sex Factors Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology Sexual and Gender Minorities - statistics & numerical data Sexual orientation Sexuality Stress Surveys and Questionnaires Transgender persons United States Universities Well being Young Adult Young adults United States United States > US COVID-19 Health equity Anxiety Adolescents Stress Mental health
ISSN:	1054-139X, 1879-1972, 1879-1972
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Abstract	The purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. We recruited, via Instagram, a sample of full-time college students aged 18–22 from across the U.S. We surveyed them in April (baseline; N = 707; mean age = 20.0, SD = 1.3) and July (follow-up) 2020. This study presents overall levels of perceived stress and general anxiety symptoms and inequalities across each of these outcomes by gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and household income. We also explore potential explanations for these health issues by analyzing baseline qualitative data. All students, on average, were suffering from perceived stress and anxiety, with especially high levels in April. We also identified inequalities in college student mental well-being, particularly by gender identity and sexual orientation. Women reported worse well-being compared with men; transgender and gender diverse and sexual minority youths reported worse outcomes than their cisgender, heterosexual peers at both time points. Qualitative data illustrate how the COVID-19 pandemic has generated educational, economic, and environmental stressors that are affecting college students' well-being. As colleges and universities think about how to manage and mitigate the infectious disease dimensions of COVID-19 among their student populations, they must also consider who is most at risk for increased stress and anxiety during the pandemic.
AbstractList	The purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. We recruited, via Instagram, a sample of full-time college students aged 18–22 from across the U.S. We surveyed them in April (baseline; N = 707; mean age = 20.0, SD = 1.3) and July (follow-up) 2020. This study presents overall levels of perceived stress and general anxiety symptoms and inequalities across each of these outcomes by gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and household income. We also explore potential explanations for these health issues by analyzing baseline qualitative data. All students, on average, were suffering from perceived stress and anxiety, with especially high levels in April. We also identified inequalities in college student mental well-being, particularly by gender identity and sexual orientation. Women reported worse well-being compared with men; transgender and gender diverse and sexual minority youths reported worse outcomes than their cisgender, heterosexual peers at both time points. Qualitative data illustrate how the COVID-19 pandemic has generated educational, economic, and environmental stressors that are affecting college students' well-being. As colleges and universities think about how to manage and mitigate the infectious disease dimensions of COVID-19 among their student populations, they must also consider who is most at risk for increased stress and anxiety during the pandemic. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We recruited, via Instagram, a sample of full-time college students aged 18–22 from across the U.S. We surveyed them in April (baseline; N = 707; mean age = 20.0, SD = 1.3) and July (follow-up) 2020. This study presents overall levels of perceived stress and general anxiety symptoms and inequalities across each of these outcomes by gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and household income. We also explore potential explanations for these health issues by analyzing baseline qualitative data. Results: All students, on average, were suffering from perceived stress and anxiety, with especially high levels in April. We also identified inequalities in college student mental well-being, particularly by gender identity and sexual orientation. Women reported worse well-being compared with men; transgender and gender diverse and sexual minority youths reported worse outcomes than their cisgender, heterosexual peers at both time points. Qualitative data illustrate how the COVID-19 pandemic has generated educational, economic, and environmental stressors that are affecting college students' well-being. Conclusions: As colleges and universities think about how to manage and mitigate the infectious disease dimensions of COVID-19 among their student populations, they must also consider who is most at risk for increased stress and anxiety during the pandemic. The purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic.PURPOSEThe purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the COVID-19 pandemic.We recruited, via Instagram, a sample of full-time college students aged 18-22 from across the U.S. We surveyed them in April (baseline; N = 707; mean age = 20.0, SD = 1.3) and July (follow-up) 2020. This study presents overall levels of perceived stress and general anxiety symptoms and inequalities across each of these outcomes by gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and household income. We also explore potential explanations for these health issues by analyzing baseline qualitative data.METHODSWe recruited, via Instagram, a sample of full-time college students aged 18-22 from across the U.S. We surveyed them in April (baseline; N = 707; mean age = 20.0, SD = 1.3) and July (follow-up) 2020. This study presents overall levels of perceived stress and general anxiety symptoms and inequalities across each of these outcomes by gender, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, and household income. We also explore potential explanations for these health issues by analyzing baseline qualitative data.All students, on average, were suffering from perceived stress and anxiety, with especially high levels in April. We also identified inequalities in college student mental well-being, particularly by gender identity and sexual orientation. Women reported worse well-being compared with men; transgender and gender diverse and sexual minority youths reported worse outcomes than their cisgender, heterosexual peers at both time points. Qualitative data illustrate how the COVID-19 pandemic has generated educational, economic, and environmental stressors that are affecting college students' well-being.RESULTSAll students, on average, were suffering from perceived stress and anxiety, with especially high levels in April. We also identified inequalities in college student mental well-being, particularly by gender identity and sexual orientation. Women reported worse well-being compared with men; transgender and gender diverse and sexual minority youths reported worse outcomes than their cisgender, heterosexual peers at both time points. Qualitative data illustrate how the COVID-19 pandemic has generated educational, economic, and environmental stressors that are affecting college students' well-being.As colleges and universities think about how to manage and mitigate the infectious disease dimensions of COVID-19 among their student populations, they must also consider who is most at risk for increased stress and anxiety during the pandemic.CONCLUSIONSAs colleges and universities think about how to manage and mitigate the infectious disease dimensions of COVID-19 among their student populations, they must also consider who is most at risk for increased stress and anxiety during the pandemic.
Author	Cohen, Alison K. Hoyt, Lindsay Till Maker Castro, Elena Yazdani, Neshat Dull, Brandon
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Lindsay Till orcidid: 0000-0001-5465-4876 surname: Hoyt fullname: Hoyt, Lindsay Till email: lhoyt1@fordham.edu organization: Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York – sequence: 2 givenname: Alison K. orcidid: 0000-0001-9848-934X surname: Cohen fullname: Cohen, Alison K. organization: Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California – sequence: 3 givenname: Brandon surname: Dull fullname: Dull, Brandon organization: Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York – sequence: 4 givenname: Elena surname: Maker Castro fullname: Maker Castro, Elena organization: Department of Psychology and Human Development, School of Education & Information Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California – sequence: 5 givenname: Neshat orcidid: 0000-0002-0354-1481 surname: Yazdani fullname: Yazdani, Neshat organization: Department of Psychology, Fordham University, Bronx, New York
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33288459$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	2020 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine Copyright © 2020 Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Copyright Elsevier BV Feb 2021
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Keywords	COVID-19 Health equity Anxiety Adolescents Stress Mental health
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anxiety symptoms and suicide-related outcomes among U.S. undergraduates, 2007–2018: Evidence from two national surveys publication-title: J Adolesc Health doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2019.04.033 – volume: 67 start-page: 369 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.030_bib19 article-title: A descriptive study of coronavirus disease 2019–related experiences and perspectives of a national sample of college students in spring 2020 publication-title: J Adolesc Health doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.06.009 – ident: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.030_bib46 – volume: 21 start-page: 908 year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.030_bib35 article-title: Gender and sexual identities predicting patterns of co-occurring health risks among sexual minority youth: A latent class analysis approach publication-title: Prev Sci doi: 10.1007/s11121-020-01137-z – year: 2020 ident: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.030_bib38 article-title: Psychological state of college students during COVID-19 epidemic 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Snippet	The purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the COVID-19... Purpose: The purpose of this study is to document young adults' perceived stress and anxiety in a diverse sample of college students across the U.S. during the...
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SubjectTerms	Adolescents Adult Adults Anxiety Anxiety - psychology Cisgender College students COVID-19 COVID-19 - psychology Depression - psychology Ethnic Groups - statistics & numerical data Ethnic identity Ethnicity Female Gender identity Health equity Heterosexuality Heterosexuality - psychology Heterosexuality - statistics & numerical data Humans Income - statistics & numerical data Inequality Infectious diseases LGBTQ people Male Mental health Pandemics Qualitative Research Race Self concept Sex Factors Sexual and Gender Minorities - psychology Sexual and Gender Minorities - statistics & numerical data Sexual orientation Sexuality Stress Surveys and Questionnaires Transgender persons United States Universities Well being Young Adult Young adults
Title	“Constant Stress Has Become the New Normal”: Stress and Anxiety Inequalities Among U.S. College Students in the Time of COVID-19
URI	https://www.clinicalkey.com/#!/content/1-s2.0-S1054139X20306467 https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.030 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33288459 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2494410707 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2468341011
Volume	68
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