What Is Heat? Can Heat Capacities Be Negative?

In the absence of work, the exchange of heat of a sample of matter corresponds to the change of its internal energy, given by the kinetic energy of random translational motion of all its constituent atoms or molecules relative to the center of mass of the sample, plus the excitation of quantum state...

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Vydané v:	Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) Ročník 25; číslo 3; s. 530
Hlavný autor:	Roduner, Emil
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Switzerland MDPI AG 19.03.2023 MDPI
Predmet:	Analysis Atomic properties Atoms & subatomic particles deficiencies of bulk thermodynamics Electrons Emission Energy Entropy entropy of self-gravitating systems Gases Heat Heat capacity Heat exchange Internal energy Internal energy (Physics) Kinetic energy Nanoclusters negative heat capacities Opinion Phase transitions Potential energy Specific heat Stars Statistical thermodynamics Thermodynamics Translational motion Virial theorem virial theorem and heat work Germany heat deficiencies of bulk thermodynamics negative heat capacities entropy of self-gravitating systems work virial theorem and heat
ISSN:	1099-4300, 1099-4300
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Abstract	In the absence of work, the exchange of heat of a sample of matter corresponds to the change of its internal energy, given by the kinetic energy of random translational motion of all its constituent atoms or molecules relative to the center of mass of the sample, plus the excitation of quantum states, such as vibration and rotation, and the energy of electrons in excess to their ground state. If the sample of matter is equilibrated it is described by Boltzmann’s statistical thermodynamics and characterized by a temperature T. Monotonic motion such as that of the stars of an expanding universe is work against gravity and represents the exchange of kinetic and potential energy, as described by the virial theorem, but not an exchange of heat. Heat and work are two distinct properties of thermodynamic systems. Temperature is defined for the radiative cosmic background and for individual stars, but for the ensemble of moving stars neither temperature, nor pressure, nor heat capacities are properly defined, and the application of thermodynamics is, therefore, not advised. For equilibrated atomic nanoclusters, in contrast, one may talk about negative heat capacities when kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy of expanding bonds.
AbstractList	In the absence of work, the exchange of heat of a sample of matter corresponds to the change of its internal energy, given by the kinetic energy of random translational motion of all its constituent atoms or molecules relative to the center of mass of the sample, plus the excitation of quantum states, such as vibration and rotation, and the energy of electrons in excess to their ground state. If the sample of matter is equilibrated it is described by Boltzmann’s statistical thermodynamics and characterized by a temperature T. Monotonic motion such as that of the stars of an expanding universe is work against gravity and represents the exchange of kinetic and potential energy, as described by the virial theorem, but not an exchange of heat. Heat and work are two distinct properties of thermodynamic systems. Temperature is defined for the radiative cosmic background and for individual stars, but for the ensemble of moving stars neither temperature, nor pressure, nor heat capacities are properly defined, and the application of thermodynamics is, therefore, not advised. For equilibrated atomic nanoclusters, in contrast, one may talk about negative heat capacities when kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy of expanding bonds. In the absence of work, the exchange of heat of a sample of matter corresponds to the change of its internal energy, given by the kinetic energy of random translational motion of all its constituent atoms or molecules relative to the center of mass of the sample, plus the excitation of quantum states, such as vibration and rotation, and the energy of electrons in excess to their ground state. If the sample of matter is equilibrated it is described by Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics and characterized by a temperature T. Monotonic motion such as that of the stars of an expanding universe is work against gravity and represents the exchange of kinetic and potential energy, as described by the virial theorem, but not an exchange of heat. Heat and work are two distinct properties of thermodynamic systems. Temperature is defined for the radiative cosmic background and for individual stars, but for the ensemble of moving stars neither temperature, nor pressure, nor heat capacities are properly defined, and the application of thermodynamics is, therefore, not advised. For equilibrated atomic nanoclusters, in contrast, one may talk about negative heat capacities when kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy of expanding bonds.In the absence of work, the exchange of heat of a sample of matter corresponds to the change of its internal energy, given by the kinetic energy of random translational motion of all its constituent atoms or molecules relative to the center of mass of the sample, plus the excitation of quantum states, such as vibration and rotation, and the energy of electrons in excess to their ground state. If the sample of matter is equilibrated it is described by Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics and characterized by a temperature T. Monotonic motion such as that of the stars of an expanding universe is work against gravity and represents the exchange of kinetic and potential energy, as described by the virial theorem, but not an exchange of heat. Heat and work are two distinct properties of thermodynamic systems. Temperature is defined for the radiative cosmic background and for individual stars, but for the ensemble of moving stars neither temperature, nor pressure, nor heat capacities are properly defined, and the application of thermodynamics is, therefore, not advised. For equilibrated atomic nanoclusters, in contrast, one may talk about negative heat capacities when kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy of expanding bonds. In the absence of work, the exchange of heat of a sample of matter corresponds to the change of its internal energy, given by the kinetic energy of random translational motion of all its constituent atoms or molecules relative to the center of mass of the sample, plus the excitation of quantum states, such as vibration and rotation, and the energy of electrons in excess to their ground state. If the sample of matter is equilibrated it is described by Boltzmann's statistical thermodynamics and characterized by a temperature . Monotonic motion such as that of the stars of an expanding universe is work against gravity and represents the exchange of kinetic and potential energy, as described by the virial theorem, but not an exchange of heat. Heat and work are two distinct properties of thermodynamic systems. Temperature is defined for the radiative cosmic background and for individual stars, but for the ensemble of moving stars neither temperature, nor pressure, nor heat capacities are properly defined, and the application of thermodynamics is, therefore, not advised. For equilibrated atomic nanoclusters, in contrast, one may talk about negative heat capacities when kinetic energy is transformed into potential energy of expanding bonds.
Audience	Academic
Author	Roduner, Emil
AuthorAffiliation	1 Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; e.roduner@ipc.uni-stuttgart.de ; Tel.: +41-44-422-34-28 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany; e.roduner@ipc.uni-stuttgart.de ; Tel.: +41-44-422-34-28 – name: 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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Cites_doi	10.1023/A:1023776921610 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.130601 10.1016/j.physa.2004.03.101 10.1209/0295-5075/82/43001 10.1038/scientificamerican0954-58 10.1016/S0378-4371(98)00518-4 10.1088/1475-7516/2004/12/006 10.1016/S1631-0705(02)01326-9 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.1191 10.1007/978-94-010-0498-5 10.1119/1.14740 10.1007/BF01042598 10.1016/j.physrep.2021.11.002 10.1016/B978-0-444-52215-3.00006-4 10.1093/mnras/138.4.495 10.3390/e23081078 10.1002/andp.18501550306 10.1007/978-94-009-5335-2 10.1209/0295-5075/79/43001 10.1080/14786444308644730 10.1007/1-4020-2704-4 10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.203402 10.1038/d41586-019-02198-z 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16869.x 10.1007/BF01645742 10.1063/1.439486 10.1007/978-3-642-40154-1 10.1080/14786447008640370
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SubjectTerms	Analysis Atomic properties Atoms & subatomic particles deficiencies of bulk thermodynamics Electrons Emission Energy Entropy entropy of self-gravitating systems Gases Heat Heat capacity Heat exchange Internal energy Internal energy (Physics) Kinetic energy Nanoclusters negative heat capacities Opinion Phase transitions Potential energy Specific heat Stars Statistical thermodynamics Thermodynamics Translational motion Virial theorem virial theorem and heat work
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Title	What Is Heat? Can Heat Capacities Be Negative?
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