Diffusion‐time dependence of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain

Purpose To investigate diffusion‐time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) and oscillating‐gradient spin‐echo (OGSE) sequences. Methods 3D PGSE and OGSE kurtosis tensor data were acquired from ex vivo brains of adult, cuprizone‐treated, and age...

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Published in:	Magnetic resonance in medicine Vol. 84; no. 3; pp. 1564 - 1578
Main Authors:	Aggarwal, Manisha, Smith, Matthew D., Calabresi, Peter A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.09.2020
Subjects:	Animals Brain Brain - diagnostic imaging Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Computer simulation Corpus Callosum Cuprizone Data acquisition Demyelination Diffusion Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging diffusion time Heterogeneity Kurtosis Mathematical analysis Mice non‐Gaussian diffusion oscillating gradient Permeability pulsed gradient Sensitivity Simulation Substantia alba Substantia grisea Tensors Time dependence Waveforms White Matter pulsed gradient permeability oscillating gradient diffusion time brain kurtosis non-Gaussian diffusion
ISSN:	0740-3194, 1522-2594, 1522-2594
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Abstract	Purpose To investigate diffusion‐time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) and oscillating‐gradient spin‐echo (OGSE) sequences. Methods 3D PGSE and OGSE kurtosis tensor data were acquired from ex vivo brains of adult, cuprizone‐treated, and age‐matched control mice with diffusion‐time (tD) ~ 20 ms and frequency (f) = 70 Hz, respectively. Further, 2D acquisitions were performed at multiple times/frequencies ranging from f = 140 Hz to tD = 30 ms with b‐values up to 4000 s/mm2. Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the coupled effects of varying restriction size and permeability on time/frequency‐dependence of kurtosis with both diffusion‐encoding schemes. Simulations and experiments were further performed to investigate the effect of varying number of cycles in OGSE waveforms. Results Kurtosis and diffusivity maps exhibited significant region‐specific changes with diffusion time/frequency across both gray and white matter areas. PGSE‐ and OGSE‐based kurtosis maps showed reversed contrast between gray matter regions in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Localized time/frequency‐dependent changes in kurtosis tensor metrics were found in the splenium of the corpus callosum in cuprizone‐treated mouse brains, corresponding to regional demyelination seen with histological assessment. Monte Carlo simulations showed that kurtosis estimates with pulsed‐ and oscillating‐gradient waveforms differ in their sensitivity to exchange. Both simulations and experiments showed dependence of kurtosis on number of cycles in OGSE waveforms for non‐zero permeability. Conclusion The results show significant time/frequency‐dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain, which can provide sensitivity to probe intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and pathological alterations in gray and white matter.
AbstractList	To investigate diffusion-time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) and oscillating-gradient spin-echo (OGSE) sequences. 3D PGSE and OGSE kurtosis tensor data were acquired from ex vivo brains of adult, cuprizone-treated, and age-matched control mice with diffusion-time (t ) ~ 20 ms and frequency (f) = 70 Hz, respectively. Further, 2D acquisitions were performed at multiple times/frequencies ranging from f = 140 Hz to t = 30 ms with b-values up to 4000 s/mm . Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the coupled effects of varying restriction size and permeability on time/frequency-dependence of kurtosis with both diffusion-encoding schemes. Simulations and experiments were further performed to investigate the effect of varying number of cycles in OGSE waveforms. Kurtosis and diffusivity maps exhibited significant region-specific changes with diffusion time/frequency across both gray and white matter areas. PGSE- and OGSE-based kurtosis maps showed reversed contrast between gray matter regions in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Localized time/frequency-dependent changes in kurtosis tensor metrics were found in the splenium of the corpus callosum in cuprizone-treated mouse brains, corresponding to regional demyelination seen with histological assessment. Monte Carlo simulations showed that kurtosis estimates with pulsed- and oscillating-gradient waveforms differ in their sensitivity to exchange. Both simulations and experiments showed dependence of kurtosis on number of cycles in OGSE waveforms for non-zero permeability. The results show significant time/frequency-dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain, which can provide sensitivity to probe intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and pathological alterations in gray and white matter. PurposeTo investigate diffusion‐time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) and oscillating‐gradient spin‐echo (OGSE) sequences.Methods3D PGSE and OGSE kurtosis tensor data were acquired from ex vivo brains of adult, cuprizone‐treated, and age‐matched control mice with diffusion‐time (tD) ~ 20 ms and frequency (f) = 70 Hz, respectively. Further, 2D acquisitions were performed at multiple times/frequencies ranging from f = 140 Hz to tD = 30 ms with b‐values up to 4000 s/mm2. Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the coupled effects of varying restriction size and permeability on time/frequency‐dependence of kurtosis with both diffusion‐encoding schemes. Simulations and experiments were further performed to investigate the effect of varying number of cycles in OGSE waveforms.ResultsKurtosis and diffusivity maps exhibited significant region‐specific changes with diffusion time/frequency across both gray and white matter areas. PGSE‐ and OGSE‐based kurtosis maps showed reversed contrast between gray matter regions in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Localized time/frequency‐dependent changes in kurtosis tensor metrics were found in the splenium of the corpus callosum in cuprizone‐treated mouse brains, corresponding to regional demyelination seen with histological assessment. Monte Carlo simulations showed that kurtosis estimates with pulsed‐ and oscillating‐gradient waveforms differ in their sensitivity to exchange. Both simulations and experiments showed dependence of kurtosis on number of cycles in OGSE waveforms for non‐zero permeability.ConclusionThe results show significant time/frequency‐dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain, which can provide sensitivity to probe intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and pathological alterations in gray and white matter. Purpose To investigate diffusion‐time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) and oscillating‐gradient spin‐echo (OGSE) sequences. Methods 3D PGSE and OGSE kurtosis tensor data were acquired from ex vivo brains of adult, cuprizone‐treated, and age‐matched control mice with diffusion‐time (tD) ~ 20 ms and frequency (f) = 70 Hz, respectively. Further, 2D acquisitions were performed at multiple times/frequencies ranging from f = 140 Hz to tD = 30 ms with b‐values up to 4000 s/mm2. Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the coupled effects of varying restriction size and permeability on time/frequency‐dependence of kurtosis with both diffusion‐encoding schemes. Simulations and experiments were further performed to investigate the effect of varying number of cycles in OGSE waveforms. Results Kurtosis and diffusivity maps exhibited significant region‐specific changes with diffusion time/frequency across both gray and white matter areas. PGSE‐ and OGSE‐based kurtosis maps showed reversed contrast between gray matter regions in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Localized time/frequency‐dependent changes in kurtosis tensor metrics were found in the splenium of the corpus callosum in cuprizone‐treated mouse brains, corresponding to regional demyelination seen with histological assessment. Monte Carlo simulations showed that kurtosis estimates with pulsed‐ and oscillating‐gradient waveforms differ in their sensitivity to exchange. Both simulations and experiments showed dependence of kurtosis on number of cycles in OGSE waveforms for non‐zero permeability. Conclusion The results show significant time/frequency‐dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain, which can provide sensitivity to probe intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and pathological alterations in gray and white matter. To investigate diffusion-time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) and oscillating-gradient spin-echo (OGSE) sequences.PURPOSETo investigate diffusion-time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) and oscillating-gradient spin-echo (OGSE) sequences.3D PGSE and OGSE kurtosis tensor data were acquired from ex vivo brains of adult, cuprizone-treated, and age-matched control mice with diffusion-time (tD ) ~ 20 ms and frequency (f) = 70 Hz, respectively. Further, 2D acquisitions were performed at multiple times/frequencies ranging from f = 140 Hz to tD = 30 ms with b-values up to 4000 s/mm2 . Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the coupled effects of varying restriction size and permeability on time/frequency-dependence of kurtosis with both diffusion-encoding schemes. Simulations and experiments were further performed to investigate the effect of varying number of cycles in OGSE waveforms.METHODS3D PGSE and OGSE kurtosis tensor data were acquired from ex vivo brains of adult, cuprizone-treated, and age-matched control mice with diffusion-time (tD ) ~ 20 ms and frequency (f) = 70 Hz, respectively. Further, 2D acquisitions were performed at multiple times/frequencies ranging from f = 140 Hz to tD = 30 ms with b-values up to 4000 s/mm2 . Monte Carlo simulations were used to investigate the coupled effects of varying restriction size and permeability on time/frequency-dependence of kurtosis with both diffusion-encoding schemes. Simulations and experiments were further performed to investigate the effect of varying number of cycles in OGSE waveforms.Kurtosis and diffusivity maps exhibited significant region-specific changes with diffusion time/frequency across both gray and white matter areas. PGSE- and OGSE-based kurtosis maps showed reversed contrast between gray matter regions in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Localized time/frequency-dependent changes in kurtosis tensor metrics were found in the splenium of the corpus callosum in cuprizone-treated mouse brains, corresponding to regional demyelination seen with histological assessment. Monte Carlo simulations showed that kurtosis estimates with pulsed- and oscillating-gradient waveforms differ in their sensitivity to exchange. Both simulations and experiments showed dependence of kurtosis on number of cycles in OGSE waveforms for non-zero permeability.RESULTSKurtosis and diffusivity maps exhibited significant region-specific changes with diffusion time/frequency across both gray and white matter areas. PGSE- and OGSE-based kurtosis maps showed reversed contrast between gray matter regions in the cerebellar and cerebral cortex. Localized time/frequency-dependent changes in kurtosis tensor metrics were found in the splenium of the corpus callosum in cuprizone-treated mouse brains, corresponding to regional demyelination seen with histological assessment. Monte Carlo simulations showed that kurtosis estimates with pulsed- and oscillating-gradient waveforms differ in their sensitivity to exchange. Both simulations and experiments showed dependence of kurtosis on number of cycles in OGSE waveforms for non-zero permeability.The results show significant time/frequency-dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain, which can provide sensitivity to probe intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and pathological alterations in gray and white matter.CONCLUSIONThe results show significant time/frequency-dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain, which can provide sensitivity to probe intrinsic cellular heterogeneity and pathological alterations in gray and white matter.
Author	Aggarwal, Manisha Smith, Matthew D. Calabresi, Peter A.
AuthorAffiliation	2 Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA 1 Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32022313$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Notes	Funding information p This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R21NS096249 (to M.A.) and R01AG057991 (to M.A.) Correction added after online publication 18 February, 2020. Due to publisher's error, the authors have corrected the permeablity values from “P” to ] ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23
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Snippet	Purpose To investigate diffusion‐time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) and oscillating‐gradient... To investigate diffusion-time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed-gradient spin-echo (PGSE) and oscillating-gradient spin-echo... PurposeTo investigate diffusion‐time dependency of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain using pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo (PGSE) and oscillating‐gradient...
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SubjectTerms	Animals Brain Brain - diagnostic imaging Cerebellum Cerebral cortex Computer simulation Corpus Callosum Cuprizone Data acquisition Demyelination Diffusion Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging diffusion time Heterogeneity Kurtosis Mathematical analysis Mice non‐Gaussian diffusion oscillating gradient Permeability pulsed gradient Sensitivity Simulation Substantia alba Substantia grisea Tensors Time dependence Waveforms White Matter
Title	Diffusion‐time dependence of diffusional kurtosis in the mouse brain
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