Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting

Objective Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, incl...

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Vydáno v:Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Ročník 26; číslo 2; s. 254 - 268
Hlavní autoři: Anton, Stephen D., Moehl, Keelin, Donahoo, William T., Marosi, Krisztina, Lee, Stephanie A., Mainous, Arch G., Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan, Mattson, Mark P.
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2018
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ISSN:1930-7381, 1930-739X, 1930-739X
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Abstract Objective Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). Results and Conclusions Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid‐derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid‐derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
AbstractList Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. Here we focus on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch – the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). Emerging findings suggest the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty-acid derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid-derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake).OBJECTIVEIntermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake).Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid-derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSEmerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid-derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
Objective Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). Results and Conclusions Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid‐derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid‐derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from 12 hours to several days, on a recurring basis. This review is focused on the physiological responses of major organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system, to the onset of the metabolic switch: the point of negative energy balance at which liver glycogen stores are depleted and fatty acids are mobilized (typically beyond 12 hours after cessation of food intake). Emerging findings suggest that the metabolic switch from glucose to fatty acid-derived ketones represents an evolutionarily conserved trigger point that shifts metabolism from lipid/cholesterol synthesis and fat storage to mobilization of fat through fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid-derived ketones, which serve to preserve muscle mass and function. Thus, IF regimens that induce the metabolic switch have the potential to improve body composition in overweight individuals. Moreover, IF regimens also induce the coordinated activation of signaling pathways that optimize physiological function, enhance performance, and slow aging and disease processes. Future randomized controlled IF trials should use biomarkers of the metabolic switch (e.g., plasma ketone levels) as a measure of compliance and of the magnitude of negative energy balance during the fasting period.
Author Anton, Stephen D.
Mainous, Arch G.
Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan
Mattson, Mark P.
Moehl, Keelin
Lee, Stephanie A.
Donahoo, William T.
Marosi, Krisztina
AuthorAffiliation 4 Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy; Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
5 Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
3 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
2 Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
1 Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 1 Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Institute on Aging, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
– name: 2 Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, Baltimore, MD 21224
– name: 5 Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
– name: 4 Department of Health Services Research, Management and Policy; Department of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610
– name: 3 Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Stephen D.
  orcidid: 0000-0001-5020-5280
  surname: Anton
  fullname: Anton, Stephen D.
  email: santon@ufl.edu
  organization: University of Florida
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Keelin
  surname: Moehl
  fullname: Moehl, Keelin
  organization: Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program
– sequence: 3
  givenname: William T.
  surname: Donahoo
  fullname: Donahoo, William T.
  organization: University of Florida
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Krisztina
  surname: Marosi
  fullname: Marosi, Krisztina
  organization: Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Stephanie A.
  surname: Lee
  fullname: Lee, Stephanie A.
  organization: University of Florida
– sequence: 6
  givenname: Arch G.
  surname: Mainous
  fullname: Mainous, Arch G.
  organization: University of Florida
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Christiaan
  surname: Leeuwenburgh
  fullname: Leeuwenburgh, Christiaan
  organization: University of Florida
– sequence: 8
  givenname: Mark P.
  surname: Mattson
  fullname: Mattson, Mark P.
  email: mark.mattson@nih.gov
  organization: Johns Hopkins University
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29086496$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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ContentType Journal Article
Copyright 2017 The Obesity Society
2017 The Obesity Society.
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Notes Drs. Anton and Leeuwenburgh are supported by the University of Florida's Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center (NIH/NIA P30AG028740). Drs. Moehl, Marosi, and Mattson are supported by the National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program.
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
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1999; 45
2014; 25
2012; 19
2008; 105
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2012; 16
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2001; 42
2014; 20
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2010; 21
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2006; 20
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2016; 157
1999; 57
2017; 162
1982; 137
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2009; 19
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2010; 9
1971; 20
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2016; 92
2017; 131
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2014; 34
2005; 99
2016; 24
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2014; 146
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2012; 61
1966; 15
2013; 21
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2011; 12
1978; 1
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1969; 1
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1978; 27
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– reference: 29877618 - Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Jul;26(7):1111
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Snippet Objective Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can...
Intermittent fasting (IF) is a term used to describe a variety of eating patterns in which no or few calories are consumed for time periods that can range from...
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StartPage 254
SubjectTerms Body composition
Brain
Clinical trials
Diabetes
Eating - physiology
Energy
Energy Intake - physiology
Exercise
Fasting
Fasting - metabolism
Fasting - physiology
Fatty acids
Feeding Behavior - physiology
Glucose
Humans
Insulin resistance
Lipids
Metabolic syndrome
Obesity
Physical fitness
Physiology
Risk factors
Weight control
Title Flipping the Metabolic Switch: Understanding and Applying the Health Benefits of Fasting
URI https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002%2Foby.22065
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29086496
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1992208836
https://www.proquest.com/docview/1958536726
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC5783752
Volume 26
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