Spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic and environmental factors across England

In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate....

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Published in:The Science of the total environment Vol. 758; p. 143595
Main Authors: Sun, Yeran, Hu, Xuke, Xie, Jing
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.03.2021
Subjects:
COVID-19
COVID-19 infection
COVID-19 mortality
Eigenvector spatial filtering model
England
England - epidemiology
Health Status Disparities
hospitals
Humans
Matrix exponential spatial specification model
Mortality
relative humidity
SARS-CoV-2
Socioeconomic disadvantage
Socioeconomic Factors
Spatial disparities
unemployment
England
COVID-19 mortality
Matrix exponential spatial specification model
Eigenvector spatial filtering model
Socioeconomic disadvantage
Spatial disparities
ISSN:0048-9697, 1879-1026, 1879-1026
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R2 = 0.49 and R2 = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the ‘random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model’ outperforms the ‘matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model’. [Display omitted] •Investigating spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England•Hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•Unemployment rate is positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•Relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•The RES-ESF model outperforms the MESS-SAR model.
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ISSN:0048-9697
1879-1026
1879-1026
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143595