Spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic and environmental factors across England

In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate....

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Vydané v:	The Science of the total environment Ročník 758; s. 143595
Hlavní autori:	Sun, Yeran, Hu, Xuke, Xie, Jing
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.03.2021
Predmet:	COVID-19 COVID-19 infection COVID-19 mortality Eigenvector spatial filtering model England England - epidemiology Health Status Disparities hospitals Humans Matrix exponential spatial specification model Mortality relative humidity SARS-CoV-2 Socioeconomic disadvantage Socioeconomic Factors Spatial disparities unemployment England COVID-19 mortality Matrix exponential spatial specification model Eigenvector spatial filtering model Socioeconomic disadvantage Spatial disparities
ISSN:	0048-9697, 1879-1026, 1879-1026
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Abstract	In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R2 = 0.49 and R2 = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the ‘random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model’ outperforms the ‘matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model’. [Display omitted] •Investigating spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England•Hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•Unemployment rate is positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•Relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•The RES-ESF model outperforms the MESS-SAR model.
AbstractList	In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R2 = 0.49 and R2 = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the 'random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model' outperforms the 'matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model'.In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R2 = 0.49 and R2 = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the 'random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model' outperforms the 'matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model'. In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R² = 0.49 and R² = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the ‘random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model’ outperforms the ‘matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model’. In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R2 = 0.49 and R2 = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the ‘random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model’ outperforms the ‘matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model’. [Display omitted] •Investigating spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England•Hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•Unemployment rate is positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•Relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate.•The RES-ESF model outperforms the MESS-SAR model. In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R = 0.49 and R = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the 'random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model' outperforms the 'matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model'. In this study, we aimed to examine spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to spatial inequalities of socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. Specifically, we first explored spatial patterns of COVID-19 mortality rate in comparison to non-COVID-19 mortality rate. Subsequently, we established models to investigate contributions of socioeconomic and environmental factors to spatial variations of COVID-19 mortality rate across England (N = 317). Two newly developed specifications of spatial regression models were established successfully to estimate COVID-19 mortality rate (R2 = 0.49 and R2 = 0.793). The level of spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality is higher than that of non-COVID-19 mortality in England. Although global spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is positive, local spatial association of COVID-19 mortality and non-COVID-19 mortality is negative in some areas. Expectedly, hospital accessibility is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Percent of Asians, percent of Blacks, and unemployment rate are positively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. More importantly, relative humidity is negatively related to COVID-19 mortality rate. Moreover, among the spatial models estimated, the ‘random effects specification of eigenvector spatial filtering model’ outperforms the ‘matrix exponential spatial specification of spatial autoregressive model’. Unlabelled Image
ArticleNumber	143595
Author	Sun, Yeran Xie, Jing Hu, Xuke
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Yeran surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Yeran email: yeran.sun@swansea.ac.uk organization: Department of Geography, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA28PP, United Kingdom – sequence: 2 givenname: Xuke surname: Hu fullname: Hu, Xuke organization: Institute of Data Science, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Jena 07745, Germany – sequence: 3 givenname: Jing surname: Xie fullname: Xie, Jing organization: Faculty of Architecture, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33218796$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords	COVID-19 mortality Matrix exponential spatial specification model Eigenvector spatial filtering model Socioeconomic disadvantage Spatial disparities
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Total Environ. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140396
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SubjectTerms	COVID-19 COVID-19 infection COVID-19 mortality Eigenvector spatial filtering model England England - epidemiology Health Status Disparities hospitals Humans Matrix exponential spatial specification model Mortality relative humidity SARS-CoV-2 Socioeconomic disadvantage Socioeconomic Factors Spatial disparities unemployment
Title	Spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic and environmental factors across England
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