Clustering and Smoothing Pipeline for Management Zone Delineation Using Proximal and Remote Sensing

In precision agriculture (PA) practices, the accurate delineation of management zones (MZs), with each zone having similar characteristics, is essential for map-based variable rate application of farming inputs. However, there is no consensus on an optimal clustering algorithm and the input data for...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 2; p. 645
Main Authors: Javadi, S. Hamed, Guerrero, Angela, Mouazen, Abdul M.
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 01.01.2022
MDPI
Subjects:
Agricultural production
Agriculture
Algorithms
Cluster Analysis
Clustering
feature selection
management zone delineation
Methods
Potassium
precision agriculture
Remote sensing
Remote Sensing Technology
Sensors
Soil
Soil fertility
Spatial Analysis
Spectrum analysis
Technology application
Belgium
United States > US
management zone delineation
precision agriculture
clustering
feature selection
ISSN:1424-8220, 1424-8220
Online Access:Get full text
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Summary:In precision agriculture (PA) practices, the accurate delineation of management zones (MZs), with each zone having similar characteristics, is essential for map-based variable rate application of farming inputs. However, there is no consensus on an optimal clustering algorithm and the input data format. In this paper, we evaluated the performances of five clustering algorithms including k-means, fuzzy C-means (FCM), hierarchical, mean shift, and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN) in different scenarios and assessed the impacts of input data format and feature selection on MZ delineation quality. We used key soil fertility attributes (moisture content (MC), organic carbon (OC), calcium (Ca), cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), exchangeable phosphorous (P), and pH) collected with an online visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) spectrometer along with Sentinel2 and yield data of five commercial fields in Belgium. We demonstrated that k-means is the optimal clustering method for MZ delineation, and the input data should be normalized (range normalization). Feature selection was also shown to be positively effective. Furthermore, we proposed an algorithm based on DBSCAN for smoothing the MZs maps to allow smooth actuating during variable rate application by agricultural machinery. Finally, the whole process of MZ delineation was integrated in a clustering and smoothing pipeline (CaSP), which automatically performs the following steps sequentially: (1) range normalization, (2) feature selection based on cross-correlation analysis, (3) k-means clustering, and (4) smoothing. It is recommended to adopt the developed platform for automatic MZ delineation for variable rate applications of farming inputs.
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ISSN:1424-8220
1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s22020645