A review on microbial contaminants in stormwater runoff and outfalls: Potential health risks and mitigation strategies

Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water author...

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Veröffentlicht in:The Science of the total environment Jg. 692; S. 1304 - 1321
Hauptverfasser: Ahmed, Warish, Hamilton, Kerry, Toze, Simon, Cook, Stephen, Page, Declan
Format: Journal Article
Sprache:Englisch
Veröffentlicht: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 20.11.2019
Published by Elsevier B.V
Schlagworte:
best management practices
BMPS
climate change
Drainage, Sanitary
energy
Environmental Monitoring
Fecal indicator bacteria
genetic markers
groundwater
industry
microbial contamination
Microbial source tracking
microbiological risk assessment
pathogens
public health
Rain
Review
risk
risk management
Sewage - microbiology
sewage treatment
Stormwater
trade
urbanization
Water Microbiology
water reuse
water supply
Water Supply - statistics & numerical data
WSUD
Zoonotic pathogens
BMPS
WSUD
Stormwater
Microbial source tracking
Fecal indicator bacteria
Zoonotic pathogens
ISSN:0048-9697, 1879-1026, 1879-1026
Online-Zugang:Volltext
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Abstract Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies. [Display omitted] •Stormwater has been considered as an alternative water source.•Microbial contamination hinders stormwater reuse.•WSUD is effective in removing pathogens but requires more validation.•QMRA analysis can facilitate decision making and risk management efforts.
AbstractList Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies.
Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies.Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies.
Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies. [Display omitted] •Stormwater has been considered as an alternative water source.•Microbial contamination hinders stormwater reuse.•WSUD is effective in removing pathogens but requires more validation.•QMRA analysis can facilitate decision making and risk management efforts.
Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies. Unlabelled Image • Stormwater has been considered as an alternative water source. • Microbial contamination hinders stormwater reuse. • WSUD is effective in removing pathogens but requires more validation. • QMRA analysis can facilitate decision making and risk management efforts.
Author Page, Declan
Cook, Stephen
Toze, Simon
Hamilton, Kerry
Ahmed, Warish
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Warish
  orcidid: 0000-0002-1351-8963
  surname: Ahmed
  fullname: Ahmed, Warish
  email: Warish.Ahmed@csiro.au
  organization: CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Kerry
  surname: Hamilton
  fullname: Hamilton, Kerry
  organization: Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Simon
  surname: Toze
  fullname: Toze, Simon
  organization: CSIRO Land and Water, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 Boggo Road, Qld 4102, Australia
– sequence: 4
  givenname: Stephen
  surname: Cook
  fullname: Cook, Stephen
  organization: CSIRO Land and Water, Research way, Clayton South, VIC 3169, Australia
– sequence: 5
  givenname: Declan
  surname: Page
  fullname: Page, Declan
  organization: CSIRO Land and Water, Waite Laboratories, Waite Rd., Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31539962$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Tue Nov 18 21:01:14 EST 2025
Fri Feb 23 02:48:50 EST 2024
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Keywords BMPS
WSUD
Stormwater
Microbial source tracking
Fecal indicator bacteria
Zoonotic pathogens
Language English
License Crown Copyright © 2019. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID-19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company's public news and information website. Elsevier hereby grants permission to make all its COVID-19-related research that is available on the COVID-19 resource centre - including this research content - immediately available in PubMed Central and other publicly funded repositories, such as the WHO COVID database with rights for unrestricted research re-use and analyses in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for free by Elsevier for as long as the COVID-19 resource centre remains active.
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Contributed equally to this review.
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Snippet Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water...
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SubjectTerms best management practices
BMPS
climate change
Drainage, Sanitary
energy
Environmental Monitoring
Fecal indicator bacteria
genetic markers
groundwater
industry
microbial contamination
Microbial source tracking
microbiological risk assessment
pathogens
public health
Rain
Review
risk
risk management
Sewage - microbiology
sewage treatment
Stormwater
trade
urbanization
Water Microbiology
water reuse
water supply
Water Supply - statistics & numerical data
WSUD
Zoonotic pathogens
Title A review on microbial contaminants in stormwater runoff and outfalls: Potential health risks and mitigation strategies
URI https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.055
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31539962
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