A review on microbial contaminants in stormwater runoff and outfalls: Potential health risks and mitigation strategies

Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water author...

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Vydané v:The Science of the total environment Ročník 692; s. 1304 - 1321
Hlavní autori: Ahmed, Warish, Hamilton, Kerry, Toze, Simon, Cook, Stephen, Page, Declan
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:English
Vydavateľské údaje: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 20.11.2019
Published by Elsevier B.V
Predmet:
best management practices
BMPS
climate change
Drainage, Sanitary
energy
Environmental Monitoring
Fecal indicator bacteria
genetic markers
groundwater
industry
microbial contamination
Microbial source tracking
microbiological risk assessment
pathogens
public health
Rain
Review
risk
risk management
Sewage - microbiology
sewage treatment
Stormwater
trade
urbanization
Water Microbiology
water reuse
water supply
Water Supply - statistics & numerical data
WSUD
Zoonotic pathogens
BMPS
WSUD
Stormwater
Microbial source tracking
Fecal indicator bacteria
Zoonotic pathogens
ISSN:0048-9697, 1879-1026, 1879-1026
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Shrnutí:Demands on global water supplies are increasing in response to the need to provide more food, water, and energy for a rapidly growing population. These water stressors are exacerbated by climate change, as well as the growth and urbanisation of industry and commerce. Consequently, urban water authorities around the globe are exploring alternative water sources to meet ever-increasing demands. These alternative sources are primarily treated sewage, stormwater, and groundwater. Stormwater including roof-harvested rainwater has been considered as an alternative water source for both potable and non-potable uses. One of the most significant issues concerning alternative water reuse is the public health risk associated with chemical and microbial contaminants. Several studies to date have quantified fecal indicators and pathogens in stormwater. Microbial source tracking (MST) approaches have also been used to determine the sources of fecal contamination in stormwater and receiving waters. This review paper summarizes occurrence and concentrations of fecal indicators, pathogens, and MST marker genes in urban stormwater. A section of the review highlights the removal of fecal indicators and pathogens through water sensitive urban design (WSUD) or Best Management Practices (BMPs). We also discuss approaches for assessing and mitigating health risks associated with stormwater, including a summary of existing quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) models for potable and non-potable reuse of stormwater. Finally, the most critical research gaps are identified for formulating risk management strategies. [Display omitted] •Stormwater has been considered as an alternative water source.•Microbial contamination hinders stormwater reuse.•WSUD is effective in removing pathogens but requires more validation.•QMRA analysis can facilitate decision making and risk management efforts.
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Contributed equally to this review.
ISSN:0048-9697
1879-1026
1879-1026
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.055