The Effects of Eight Weeks’ Very Low-Calorie Ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) on Liver Health in Subjects Affected by Overweight and Obesity

Very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are widely employed in successful weight-loss strategies. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a VLCKD on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and parameters commonly associated with this condition in overweight and obese subjects who did not...

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Published in:	Nutrients Vol. 15; no. 4; p. 825
Main Authors:	Rinaldi, Roberta, De Nucci, Sara, Castellana, Fabio, Di Chito, Martina, Giannuzzi, Vito, Shahini, Endrit, Zupo, Roberta, Lampignano, Luisa, Piazzolla, Giuseppina, Triggiani, Vincenzo, Cozzolongo, Raffaele, Giannelli, Gianluigi, De Pergola, Giovanni
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 06.02.2023 MDPI
Subjects:	Alcohol bioelectrical impedance blood Blood cholesterol blood glucose Body composition Body mass index Calories Causes of Cholesterol Complications and side effects Control Diabetes diastolic blood pressure Diet Diet therapy Diet, Ketogenic elasticity imaging techniques Electrodes Fatty liver Health aspects High density lipoprotein high density lipoprotein cholesterol Humans insulin Insulin Resistance Intervention Ketogenic diet liver Liver diseases low density lipoprotein cholesterol Low-calorie diet Meals Metabolic syndrome Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease - diet therapy Nutrition research nutritional intervention Obesity Obesity - complications Outpatient care facilities Overweight Overweight - complications Physiological aspects Prospective Studies Questionnaires Risk factors thyroid hormones Triglycerides Viral infections Vitamin D Vitamin D deficiency waist circumference Weight control weight loss Italy non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) transient elastography (FibroScan) very low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) insulin resistance obesity
ISSN:	2072-6643, 2072-6643
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Summary:	Very low-calorie ketogenic diets (VLCKD) are widely employed in successful weight-loss strategies. Herein, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of a VLCKD on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and parameters commonly associated with this condition in overweight and obese subjects who did not take any drugs. This prospective, real-life study included thirty-three participants who followed a VLCKD for 8 weeks. NAFLD was diagnosed using transient elastography (FibroScan). Data on anthropometric measurements, bioimpedance analysis, and biochemical assays were gathered both before and after the dietary intervention. BMI (kg/m2) (from 33.84 ± 6.55 to 30.89 ± 6.38, p < 0.01), waist circumference (cm) (from 106.67 ± 15.51 to 98.64 ± 16.21, p < 0.01), and fat mass (Kg) (from 38.47 ± 12.59 to 30.98 ± 12.39, p < 0.01) were significantly lower after VLCKD. CAP (db/m), the FibroScan parameter quantifying fatty liver accumulation, showed a significant reduction after VLCKD (from 266.61 ± 67.96 to 223 ± 64.19, p < 0.01). After VLCKD, the fatty liver index (FLI), a benchmark of steatosis, also revealed a significant decline (from 62.82 ± 27.46 to 44.09 ± 31.24, p < 0.01). Moreover, fasting blood glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, ALT, γGT, and FT3 blood concentrations, as well as insulin resistance (quantified by HOMAIR) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels, were significantly lower after VLCKD (p < 0.01 for all the parameters). By contrast, HDL-cholesterol, 25 (OH) vitamin D, and FT4 blood concentrations were higher after VLCKD (p < 0.01 for all parameters). The variation (δ) of CAP after VLCKD did not show a correlation with the δ of any other parameter investigated in this study. We conclude that VLCKD is a helpful approach for NAFLD independent of changes in factors commonly associated with NAFLD (obesity, fat mass, insulin resistance, lipids, and blood pressure) as well as vitamin D and thyroid hormone levels.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:	2072-6643 2072-6643
DOI:	10.3390/nu15040825