Fire-induced tree mortality in a neotropical forest: the roles of bark traits, tree size, wood density and fire behavior

Large‐scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazônia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the lack of studies relating fire‐induced mortality to both fire behavior and plant traits. To address this gap, we established two sets of experi...

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Vydané v:	Global change biology Ročník 18; číslo 2; s. 630 - 641
Hlavní autori:	Brando, Paulo M., Nepstad, Daniel C., Balch, Jennifer K., Bolker, Benjamin, Christman, Mary C., Coe, Michael, Putz, Francis E.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Oxford Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.02.2012 Wiley-Blackwell
Predmet:	Amazon Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Bark bark thickness Biological and medical sciences climate change Density Dieback Drought fire Forest & brush fires Forest and land fires forest dieback Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects generalized linear models Heat transfer Insulation Latent heat Mortality Newton's law of cooling Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection Plant species plant traits Rainforests tree mortality Trees Tropical forests Vaporization Weather damages. Fires Wildfires Wood wood density South America America Amazon Basin South America, Amazonia generalized linear models Forests Generalized linear model tree mortality Wood Mortality Tropical zone Bark forest dieback Density Dynamical climatology Thickness Climate change bark thickness Dieback Fires wood density Newton's law of cooling Tree fire Behavior Neotropical Region Amazon plant traits
ISSN:	1354-1013, 1365-2486
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Abstract	Large‐scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazônia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the lack of studies relating fire‐induced mortality to both fire behavior and plant traits. To address this gap, we established two sets of experiments in southern Amazonia. First, we tested which bark traits best predict heat transfer rates (R) through bark during experimental bole heating. Second, using data from a large‐scale fire experiment, we tested the effects of tree wood density (WD), size, and estimated R (inverse of cambium insulation) on tree mortality after one to five fires. In the first experiment, bark thickness explained 82% of the variance in R, while the presence of water in the bark reduced the difference in temperature between the heat source and the vascular cambium, perhaps because of high latent heat of vaporization. This novel finding provides an important insight for improving mechanistic models of fire‐induced cambium damage from tropical to temperate regions. In the second experiment, tree mortality increased with increasing fire intensity (i.e. as indicated by bark char height on tree boles), which was higher along the forest edge, during the 2007 drought, and when the fire return interval was 3 years instead of one. Contrary to other tropical studies, the relationship between mortality and fire intensity was strongest in the year following the fires, but continued for 3 years afterwards. Tree mortality was low (≤20%) for thick‐barked individuals (≥18 mm) subjected to medium‐intensity fires, and significantly decreased as a function of increasing tree diameter, height and wood density. Hence, fire‐induced tree mortality was influenced not only by cambium insulation but also by other traits that reduce the indirect effects of fire. These results can be used to improve assessments of fire vulnerability of tropical forests.
AbstractList	Large‐scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazônia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the lack of studies relating fire‐induced mortality to both fire behavior and plant traits. To address this gap, we established two sets of experiments in southern Amazonia. First, we tested which bark traits best predict heat transfer rates (R) through bark during experimental bole heating. Second, using data from a large‐scale fire experiment, we tested the effects of tree wood density (WD), size, and estimated R (inverse of cambium insulation) on tree mortality after one to five fires. In the first experiment, bark thickness explained 82% of the variance in R, while the presence of water in the bark reduced the difference in temperature between the heat source and the vascular cambium, perhaps because of high latent heat of vaporization. This novel finding provides an important insight for improving mechanistic models of fire‐induced cambium damage from tropical to temperate regions. In the second experiment, tree mortality increased with increasing fire intensity (i.e. as indicated by bark char height on tree boles), which was higher along the forest edge, during the 2007 drought, and when the fire return interval was 3 years instead of one. Contrary to other tropical studies, the relationship between mortality and fire intensity was strongest in the year following the fires, but continued for 3 years afterwards. Tree mortality was low (≤20%) for thick‐barked individuals (≥18 mm) subjected to medium‐intensity fires, and significantly decreased as a function of increasing tree diameter, height and wood density. Hence, fire‐induced tree mortality was influenced not only by cambium insulation but also by other traits that reduce the indirect effects of fire. These results can be used to improve assessments of fire vulnerability of tropical forests. Abstract Large-scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazônia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the lack of studies relating fire-induced mortality to both fire behavior and plant traits. To address this gap, we established two sets of experiments in southern Amazonia. First, we tested which bark traits best predict heat transfer rates (R ) through bark during experimental bole heating. Second, using data from a large-scale fire experiment, we tested the effects of tree wood density (WD), size, and estimated R (inverse of cambium insulation) on tree mortality after one to five fires. In the first experiment, bark thickness explained 82% of the variance in R , while the presence of water in the bark reduced the difference in temperature between the heat source and the vascular cambium, perhaps because of high latent heat of vaporization. This novel finding provides an important insight for improving mechanistic models of fire-induced cambium damage from tropical to temperate regions. In the second experiment, tree mortality increased with increasing fire intensity (i.e. as indicated by bark char height on tree boles), which was higher along the forest edge, during the 2007 drought, and when the fire return interval was 3 years instead of one. Contrary to other tropical studies, the relationship between mortality and fire intensity was strongest in the year following the fires, but continued for 3 years afterwards. Tree mortality was low (≤20%) for thick-barked individuals (≥18 mm) subjected to medium-intensity fires, and significantly decreased as a function of increasing tree diameter, height and wood density. Hence, fire-induced tree mortality was influenced not only by cambium insulation but also by other traits that reduce the indirect effects of fire. These results can be used to improve assessments of fire vulnerability of tropical forests. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Large‐scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazônia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the lack of studies relating fire‐induced mortality to both fire behavior and plant traits. To address this gap, we established two sets of experiments in southern Amazonia. First, we tested which bark traits best predict heat transfer rates ( R ) through bark during experimental bole heating. Second, using data from a large‐scale fire experiment, we tested the effects of tree wood density ( WD ), size, and estimated R (inverse of cambium insulation) on tree mortality after one to five fires. In the first experiment, bark thickness explained 82% of the variance in R , while the presence of water in the bark reduced the difference in temperature between the heat source and the vascular cambium, perhaps because of high latent heat of vaporization. This novel finding provides an important insight for improving mechanistic models of fire‐induced cambium damage from tropical to temperate regions. In the second experiment, tree mortality increased with increasing fire intensity (i.e. as indicated by bark char height on tree boles), which was higher along the forest edge, during the 2007 drought, and when the fire return interval was 3 years instead of one. Contrary to other tropical studies, the relationship between mortality and fire intensity was strongest in the year following the fires, but continued for 3 years afterwards. Tree mortality was low (≤20%) for thick‐barked individuals (≥18 mm) subjected to medium‐intensity fires, and significantly decreased as a function of increasing tree diameter, height and wood density. Hence, fire‐induced tree mortality was influenced not only by cambium insulation but also by other traits that reduce the indirect effects of fire. These results can be used to improve assessments of fire vulnerability of tropical forests. Large-scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazonia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the lack of studies relating fire-induced mortality to both fire behavior and plant traits. To address this gap, we established two sets of experiments in southern Amazonia. First, we tested which bark traits best predict heat transfer rates (R) through bark during experimental bole heating. Second, using data from a large-scale fire experiment, we tested the effects of tree wood density (WD), size, and estimated R (inverse of cambium insulation) on tree mortality after one to five fires. In the first experiment, bark thickness explained 82% of the variance in R, while the presence of water in the bark reduced the difference in temperature between the heat source and the vascular cambium, perhaps because of high latent heat of vaporization. This novel finding provides an important insight for improving mechanistic models of fire-induced cambium damage from tropical to temperate regions. In the second experiment, tree mortality increased with increasing fire intensity (i.e. as indicated by bark char height on tree boles), which was higher along the forest edge, during the 2007 drought, and when the fire return interval was 3 years instead of one. Contrary to other tropical studies, the relationship between mortality and fire intensity was strongest in the year following the fires, but continued for 3 years afterwards. Tree mortality was low ( less than or equal to 20%) for thick-barked individuals ( greater than or equal to 18 mm) subjected to medium-intensity fires, and significantly decreased as a function of increasing tree diameter, height and wood density. Hence, fire-induced tree mortality was influenced not only by cambium insulation but also by other traits that reduce the indirect effects of fire. These results can be used to improve assessments of fire vulnerability of tropical forests.
Author	Coe, Michael Nepstad, Daniel C. Putz, Francis E. Bolker, Benjamin Christman, Mary C. Balch, Jennifer K. Brando, Paulo M.
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Paulo M. surname: Brando fullname: Brando, Paulo M. email: pmbrando@ipam.org.br organization: Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Av. Nazaré 669, 66035-170, Belém, Brazil – sequence: 2 givenname: Daniel C. surname: Nepstad fullname: Nepstad, Daniel C. organization: Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia, Av. Nazaré 669, 66035-170, Belém, Brazil – sequence: 3 givenname: Jennifer K. surname: Balch fullname: Balch, Jennifer K. organization: Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, 02450, Falmouth, MA, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Benjamin surname: Bolker fullname: Bolker, Benjamin organization: Departments of Mathematics & Statistics and Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St WStreet West Hamilton, ON, L8S4K1, Ontario, Canada – sequence: 5 givenname: Mary C. surname: Christman fullname: Christman, Mary C. organization: Department of Statistics and Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, FL, PO Box 11033932611, Gainesville, USA – sequence: 6 givenname: Michael surname: Coe fullname: Coe, Michael organization: Woods Hole Research Center, 149 Woods Hole Road, MA, 02450, Falmouth, USA – sequence: 7 givenname: Francis E. surname: Putz fullname: Putz, Francis E. organization: Department of Biology and School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, FL, PO Box 11852632611, Gainesville, USA
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Keywords	generalized linear models Forests Generalized linear model tree mortality Wood Mortality Tropical zone Bark forest dieback Density Dynamical climatology Thickness Climate change bark thickness Dieback Fires wood density Newton's law of cooling Tree fire Behavior Neotropical Region Amazon plant traits
Language	English
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Notes	NSF - No. DEB- 0743703 Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation - No. #1963 istex:6CA4707D266A5C284B2AC1E7D6F52181BF976BD9 ArticleID:GCB2533 Appendix S1. Equations for heat transfer rates.Appendix S2. Parameter estimates for Model I.Appendix S3. Weather conditions and flame heights.Appendix S4. Probability of fire-induced tree mortality as a function of tree size and wood density. ark:/67375/WNG-K5QP5HCZ-W SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Article-2 content type line 23
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PublicationTitle	Global change biology
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Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd Wiley-Blackwell
Publisher_xml	– name: Blackwell Publishing Ltd – name: Wiley-Blackwell
References	Heckenberger MJ, Kuikuro A, Kuikuro UT, Russell JC, Schmidt M, Fausto C, Franchetto B (2003) Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science, 301, 1710-1714. Barlow J, Peres CA, Lagan BO, Haugaasen T (2003b) Large tree mortality and the decline of forest biomass following Amazonian wildfires. Ecology Letters, 6, 6-8. Pinard MA, Huffman J (1997) Fire resistance and bark properties of trees in a seasonally dry forest in eastern Bolivia. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 13, 727-740. Mantgem P van, Schwartz M (2003) Bark heat resistance of small trees in Californian mixed conifer forests: testing some model assumptions. Forest Ecology and Management, 178, 341-352. Balch JK, Nepstad DC, Brando PM et al. (2008) Negative fire feedback in a transitional forest of southeastern Amazonia. Global Change Biology, 14, 2276-2287. Cochrane MA, Alencar A, Schulze MD, Souza CM Jr, Nepstad DC, Lefebvre P, Davidson EA (1999) Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. Science, 284, 1832. Malhi Y, Roberts JT, Betts RA, Killeen TJ, Li W, Nobre CA (2008) Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon. Science, 319, 169. Nepstad D, Carvalho G, Barros A, Alencar A, Capobianco J, Bishop J (2001) Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 154, 395-407. Baker PJ, Bunyavejchewin S, Robinson AR (2008) The impacts of large-scale, low-intensity fires on the forests of continental South-east Asia. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 782-792. Barlow J, Haugaasen T, Peres CA (2002) Effects of ground fires on understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian forests. Biological Conservation, 105, 157-169. Gutsell S, Johnson E (1996) How fire scars are formed: coupling a disturbance process to its ecological effect. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 26, 166-174. Martin RE (1963) Thermal properties of bark. Forest Products Journal, 13, 419-426. Golding N, Betts R (2008) Fire risk in Amazonia due to climate change in the HadCM3 climate model: potential interactions with deforestation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB4007, doi: 10.1029/2007GB003166. Hoffmann WA, Adasme R, Haridasan M et al. (2009) Tree topkill, not mortality, governs the dynamics of alternate stable states at savanna-forest boundaries under frequent fire in central Brazil. Ecology, 90, 1326-1337. Cox PM, Betts RA, Jones CD, Spall SA, Totterdell IJ (2000) Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model. Nature, 408, 184-187. Malhi Y, Aragão LEOC, Galbraith D et al. (2009) Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 20610-20615. Sitch S, Huntingford C, Gedney N et al. (2008) Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). Global Change Biology, 14, 2015-2039. Phillips OL, Aragão L, Lewis S et al. (2009) Drought sensitivity of the Amazon rainforest. Science, 323, 1344-1347. VanderWeide BL, Hartnett DC (2011) Fire resistance of tree species explains historical gallery forest community composition. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 1530-1538. Barlow J, Peres CA (2008) Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 1787. Galbraith D, Levy PE, Sitch S, Huntingford C, Cox P, Williams M, Meir P (2010) Multiple mechanisms of Amazonian forest biomass losses in three dynamic global vegetation models under climate change. New Phytologist, 187, 647-665. Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, White JSS (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 127-135. Gelman A, Hill J (2007) Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Barlow J, Lagan BO, Peres CA (2003a) Morphological correlates of fire-induced tree mortality in a central Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 19, 291-299. Cramer W, Bondeau A, Woodward FI et al. (2001) Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models. Global Change Biology, 7, 357-373. Balch JK, Nepstad DC, Curran LM et al. (2011) Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 68-77. Chave J, Muller-Landau HC, Baker TR, Easdale TA, Steege H, Webb CO (2006) Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 neotropical tree species. Ecological Applications, 16, 2356-2367. Alencar A, Solórzano L, Nepstad D (2004) Modeling forest understory fires in an eastern Amazonian landscape. Ecological Applications, 14, 139-149. Blate GM (2005) Modest trade-offs between timber management and fire susceptibility of a Bolivian semi-deciduous forest. Ecological Applications, 15, 1649-1663. Michaletz ST, Johnson EA (2007) How forest fires kill trees: a review of the fundamental biophysical processes. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22, 500-515. Romero C, Bolker BM (2008) Effects of stem anatomical and structural traits on responses to stem damage: an experimental study in the Bolivian Amazon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38, 611-618. Burnham KP, Anderson DR (2002) Model Selection and Multimodel Inference: A Practical Information-Theoretic Approach. (2nd edn), 488 pp. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-387-95364-7. Alencar A, Nepstad D, Diaz MCV (2006) Forest understory fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and non-ENSO years: area burned and committed carbon emissions. Earth Interactions, 10, 1-17. Bates D, Maechler M (2009) Lme4: Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using S4 Classes. R package version 0. 999375-32. Agee JK (1993) Fire Ecology of Pacific Northwest forests. Island Press, Washington, DC, 493 pp. Uhl C, Kauffman JB (1990) Deforestation, fire susceptibility, and potential tree responses to fire in the eastern Amazon. Ecology, 71, 437-449. Pinard MA, Putz FE, Licona JC (1999) Tree mortality and vine proliferation following a wildfire in a subhumid tropical forest in eastern Bolivia. Forest Ecology and Management, 116, 247-252. Ray D, Nepstad D, Moutinhos P (2005) Micrometeorological and canopy controls of fire susceptibility in a forested Amazon landscape. Ecological Applications, 15, 1664-1678. Aragão LEOC, Shimabukuro YE (2010) The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD. Science, 328, 1275. Nepstad DC, Stickler CM, Filho BS, Merry F (2008) Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: prospects for a near-term forest tipping point. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 1737. Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. (4th edn), 495 pp. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-387-95457-0. 2009; 24 2010; 328 2006; 10 2006; 16 2008; 38 2008; 17 2008; 14 2009 2010; 187 2007 1999; 284 1993 2003a; 19 2002 2008; 363 2003; 178 1963; 13 2000; 408 2001; 154 2001; 7 2001 2004; 14 2009; 90 1997; 13 2008; 319 2002; 105 2008; 22 2005; 15 2011; 261 2003; 301 2003b; 6 2007; 22 1996; 26 1999; 116 2009; 323 1990; 71 2009; 106 e_1_2_7_6_1 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_4_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_8_1 e_1_2_7_7_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_18_1 e_1_2_7_17_1 e_1_2_7_40_1 e_1_2_7_2_1 e_1_2_7_15_1 e_1_2_7_41_1 e_1_2_7_14_1 e_1_2_7_42_1 e_1_2_7_43_1 e_1_2_7_12_1 e_1_2_7_11_1 e_1_2_7_10_1 e_1_2_7_26_1 e_1_2_7_27_1 e_1_2_7_28_1 e_1_2_7_29_1 Gelman A (e_1_2_7_23_1) 2007 Bates D (e_1_2_7_13_1) 2009 Burnham KP (e_1_2_7_16_1) 2002 Martin RE (e_1_2_7_31_1) 1963; 13 e_1_2_7_30_1 e_1_2_7_25_1 e_1_2_7_24_1 e_1_2_7_32_1 e_1_2_7_33_1 e_1_2_7_22_1 e_1_2_7_34_1 e_1_2_7_21_1 e_1_2_7_35_1 e_1_2_7_20_1 e_1_2_7_36_1 e_1_2_7_37_1 e_1_2_7_38_1 e_1_2_7_39_1
References_xml	– reference: Barlow J, Haugaasen T, Peres CA (2002) Effects of ground fires on understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian forests. Biological Conservation, 105, 157-169. – reference: Ray D, Nepstad D, Moutinhos P (2005) Micrometeorological and canopy controls of fire susceptibility in a forested Amazon landscape. Ecological Applications, 15, 1664-1678. – reference: Alencar A, Solórzano L, Nepstad D (2004) Modeling forest understory fires in an eastern Amazonian landscape. Ecological Applications, 14, 139-149. – reference: Gelman A, Hill J (2007) Data Analysis Using Regression and Multilevel/Hierarchical Models. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. – reference: Heckenberger MJ, Kuikuro A, Kuikuro UT, Russell JC, Schmidt M, Fausto C, Franchetto B (2003) Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? Science, 301, 1710-1714. – reference: Venables WN, Ripley BD (2002) Modern Applied Statistics with S. (4th edn), 495 pp. Springer Verlag, New York, NY, USA. ISBN 0-387-95457-0. – reference: Barlow J, Peres CA, Lagan BO, Haugaasen T (2003b) Large tree mortality and the decline of forest biomass following Amazonian wildfires. Ecology Letters, 6, 6-8. – reference: Malhi Y, Aragão LEOC, Galbraith D et al. (2009) Exploring the likelihood and mechanism of a climate-change-induced dieback of the Amazon rainforest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 20610-20615. – reference: Barlow J, Lagan BO, Peres CA (2003a) Morphological correlates of fire-induced tree mortality in a central Amazonian forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology, 19, 291-299. – reference: Sitch S, Huntingford C, Gedney N et al. (2008) Evaluation of the terrestrial carbon cycle, future plant geography and climate-carbon cycle feedbacks using five Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs). Global Change Biology, 14, 2015-2039. – reference: Michaletz ST, Johnson EA (2007) How forest fires kill trees: a review of the fundamental biophysical processes. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 22, 500-515. – reference: Aragão LEOC, Shimabukuro YE (2010) The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD. Science, 328, 1275. – reference: Bolker BM, Brooks ME, Clark CJ, Geange SW, Poulsen JR, Stevens MHH, White JSS (2009) Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 24, 127-135. – reference: Blate GM (2005) Modest trade-offs between timber management and fire susceptibility of a Bolivian semi-deciduous forest. Ecological Applications, 15, 1649-1663. – reference: Cochrane MA, Alencar A, Schulze MD, Souza CM Jr, Nepstad DC, Lefebvre P, Davidson EA (1999) Positive feedbacks in the fire dynamic of closed canopy tropical forests. Science, 284, 1832. – reference: Balch JK, Nepstad DC, Curran LM et al. (2011) Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 68-77. – reference: Bates D, Maechler M (2009) Lme4: Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using S4 Classes. R package version 0. 999375-32. – reference: Golding N, Betts R (2008) Fire risk in Amazonia due to climate change in the HadCM3 climate model: potential interactions with deforestation. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 22, GB4007, doi: 10.1029/2007GB003166. – reference: Romero C, Bolker BM (2008) Effects of stem anatomical and structural traits on responses to stem damage: an experimental study in the Bolivian Amazon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 38, 611-618. – reference: Baker PJ, Bunyavejchewin S, Robinson AR (2008) The impacts of large-scale, low-intensity fires on the forests of continental South-east Asia. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 17, 782-792. – reference: Barlow J, Peres CA (2008) Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. 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Forest Ecology and Management, 178, 341-352. – reference: Martin RE (1963) Thermal properties of bark. Forest Products Journal, 13, 419-426. – reference: Balch JK, Nepstad DC, Brando PM et al. (2008) Negative fire feedback in a transitional forest of southeastern Amazonia. Global Change Biology, 14, 2276-2287. – reference: Pinard MA, Putz FE, Licona JC (1999) Tree mortality and vine proliferation following a wildfire in a subhumid tropical forest in eastern Bolivia. Forest Ecology and Management, 116, 247-252. – reference: Nepstad DC, Stickler CM, Filho BS, Merry F (2008) Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: prospects for a near-term forest tipping point. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 1737. – reference: Chave J, Muller-Landau HC, Baker TR, Easdale TA, Steege H, Webb CO (2006) Regional and phylogenetic variation of wood density across 2456 neotropical tree species. 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Applications – volume: 319 start-page: 169 year: 2008 article-title: Climate change, deforestation, and the fate of the Amazon publication-title: Science – volume: 22 start-page: 500 year: 2007 end-page: 515 article-title: How forest fires kill trees: a review of the fundamental biophysical processes publication-title: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research – year: 2007 – volume: 71 start-page: 437 year: 1990 end-page: 449 article-title: Deforestation, fire susceptibility, and potential tree responses to fire in the eastern Amazon publication-title: Ecology – volume: 24 start-page: 127 year: 2009 end-page: 135 article-title: Generalized linear mixed models: a practical guide for ecology and evolution publication-title: Trends in Ecology & Evolution – volume: 408 start-page: 184 year: 2000 end-page: 187 article-title: Acceleration of global warming due to carbon‐cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model publication-title: Nature – volume: 17 start-page: 782 year: 2008 end-page: 792 article-title: The impacts of large‐scale, low‐intensity fires on the forests of continental South‐east Asia publication-title: International Journal of Wildland Fire – volume: 363 start-page: 1787 year: 2008 article-title: Fire‐mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest publication-title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences – volume: 154 start-page: 395 year: 2001 end-page: 407 article-title: Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests publication-title: Forest Ecology and Management – volume: 363 start-page: 1737 year: 2008 article-title: Interactions among Amazon land use, forests and climate: prospects for a near‐term forest tipping point publication-title: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences – volume: 105 start-page: 157 year: 2002 end-page: 169 article-title: Effects of ground fires on understorey bird assemblages in Amazonian forests publication-title: Biological Conservation – volume: 14 start-page: 139 year: 2004 end-page: 149 article-title: Modeling forest understory fires in an eastern Amazonian landscape publication-title: Ecological Applications – volume: 328 start-page: 1275 year: 2010 article-title: The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD publication-title: Science – volume: 15 start-page: 1664 year: 2005 end-page: 1678 article-title: Micrometeorological and canopy controls of fire susceptibility in a forested Amazon landscape publication-title: Ecological Applications – start-page: 477 year: 2001 end-page: 526 – volume: 38 start-page: 611 year: 2008 end-page: 618 article-title: Effects of stem anatomical and structural traits on responses to stem damage: an experimental study in the Bolivian Amazon publication-title: Canadian Journal of Forest Research – volume: 116 start-page: 247 year: 1999 end-page: 252 article-title: Tree mortality and vine proliferation following a wildfire in a subhumid tropical forest in eastern Bolivia publication-title: Forest Ecology and Management – volume: 261 start-page: 68 year: 2011 end-page: 77 article-title: Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon publication-title: Forest Ecology and Management – volume: 90 start-page: 1326 year: 2009 end-page: 1337 article-title: Tree topkill, not mortality, governs the dynamics of alternate stable states at savanna‐forest boundaries under frequent fire in central Brazil publication-title: Ecology – volume: 26 start-page: 166 year: 1996 end-page: 174 article-title: How fire scars are formed: coupling a disturbance process to its ecological effect publication-title: Canadian Journal of Forest Research – volume: 301 start-page: 1710 year: 2003 end-page: 1714 article-title: Amazonia 1492: pristine forest or cultural parkland? publication-title: Science – volume: 7 start-page: 357 year: 2001 end-page: 373 article-title: Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO and climate change: results from six dynamic global vegetation models publication-title: Global Change Biology – year: 2002 – volume: 22 start-page: GB4007 year: 2008 article-title: Fire risk in Amazonia due to climate change in the HadCM3 climate model: potential interactions with deforestation publication-title: Global Biogeochemical Cycles – volume: 14 start-page: 2276 year: 2008 end-page: 2287 article-title: Negative fire feedback in a transitional forest of southeastern Amazonia publication-title: Global Change Biology – volume: 261 start-page: 1530 year: 2011 end-page: 1538 article-title: Fire resistance of tree species explains historical gallery forest community composition publication-title: Forest Ecology and Management – volume: 13 start-page: 419 year: 1963 end-page: 426 article-title: Thermal properties of bark publication-title: Forest Products Journal – volume: 6 start-page: 6 year: 2003b end-page: 8 article-title: Large 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Snippet	Large‐scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazônia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the... Abstract Large-scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazônia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due... Large-scale wildfires are expected to accelerate forest dieback in Amazonia, but the fire vulnerability of tree species remains uncertain, in part due to the...
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SubjectTerms	Amazon Animal and plant ecology Animal, plant and microbial ecology Bark bark thickness Biological and medical sciences climate change Density Dieback Drought fire Forest & brush fires Forest and land fires forest dieback Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology General aspects generalized linear models Heat transfer Insulation Latent heat Mortality Newton's law of cooling Phytopathology. Animal pests. Plant and forest protection Plant species plant traits Rainforests tree mortality Trees Tropical forests Vaporization Weather damages. Fires Wildfires Wood wood density
Title	Fire-induced tree mortality in a neotropical forest: the roles of bark traits, tree size, wood density and fire behavior
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