Synthesis and characterization of 3D gelatin/calcium hydroxide/dentin matrix proteins/propolis scaffolds for hard tissue engineering

This paper explores the development of three-dimensional porous scaffolds composed of gelatin, calcium hydroxide, dentin matrix proteins, and propolis (signified as G, Ca, DP, and P, respectively). First, the scaffolds were synthesized using freeze-drying technique, then their physicochemical proper...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:BMC oral health Vol. 25; no. 1; pp. 1448 - 20
Main Authors: Sadrabad, Maryam Jalili, Torkashvand, Mohammad, Saberian, Elham, Bahraminasab, Marjan
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London BioMed Central 26.09.2025
BioMed Central Ltd
Springer Nature B.V
BMC
Subjects:
Adhesives
Alkaline phosphatase
Alkaline Phosphatase - analysis
Biocompatibility
Biocompatible Materials - chemistry
Biomedical materials
Bones
Calcification, Physiologic
Calcium hydroxide
Calcium Hydroxide - chemistry
Cell Adhesion
Cell adhesion & migration
Cell Differentiation
Cell number
Cell Survival
Cell viability
Cellular proteins
Collagen
Composite scaffold
Cytotoxicity
Dental materials
Dental matrices
Dental pulp
Dental Pulp - cytology
Dental pulp stem cells
Dentin
Dentin - chemistry
Dentin matrix protein
Dentistry
Design and construction
Extracellular Matrix Proteins - chemistry
Flavonoids
Freeze drying
Gelatin
Gelatin - chemistry
Humans
Hydrogels
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions
Hydroxyapatite
Lime
Materials Testing
Mechanical properties
Medicine
Methods
Mineralization
Morphology
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Physicochemical properties
Physiological aspects
Porosity
Propolis
Propolis - chemistry
Proteins
Stem cells
Stem Cells - physiology
Surface Properties
Tissue engineering
Tissue Engineering - methods
Tissue Scaffolds - chemistry
Wettability
Iran
Composite scaffold
Biocompatibility
Dentin matrix protein
Calcium hydroxide
Propolis
Dental pulp stem cells
ISSN:1472-6831, 1472-6831
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Summary:This paper explores the development of three-dimensional porous scaffolds composed of gelatin, calcium hydroxide, dentin matrix proteins, and propolis (signified as G, Ca, DP, and P, respectively). First, the scaffolds were synthesized using freeze-drying technique, then their physicochemical properties, mechanical characteristics, cytocompatibility with dental pulp stem cells, and cell adhesion, differentiation and mineralization were evaluated. The results showed that the scaffolds were porous with asperity. The surface roughness analysis identified higher roughness value for the G-Ca-P and G-Ca-DP-P scaffolds (mean Rq of 38.16 and 21.69 nm, respectively). All the scaffolds exhibited hydrophilic behavior (contact angles < 90°). However, those having propolis, calcium hydroxide and protein showed higher wettability. Furthermore, all scaffolds degraded over time with a synergistic effect between calcium hydroxide and dentin matrix proteins in making a more robust scaffold and enhancing the alkalinizing effect. The G and G-P scaffolds had elastic-plastic behavior, while G-Ca-P and G-Ca-DP-P scaffolds showed brittleness. Moreover, all scaffolds revealed no cytotoxicity (cell viability >80%). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) concentration and matrix deposition, as measures of osteogenic differentiation, were highest for G-Ca-DP-P scaffolds, followed by G-Ca-P. Besides, the cells attached to the scaffold surfaces with a flattened morphology, and the highest cell number adhered on G-Ca-DP-P and G-Ca-P scaffolds, respectively. Altogether, the G-Ca-DP-P scaffolds acted as hydrophilic, rough, and biodegradable frameworks supporting cell viability, adhesion, differentiation and mineralization.
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ISSN:1472-6831
1472-6831
DOI:10.1186/s12903-025-06766-w