Influence of synthetic antioxidants on the oxidation stability of biodiesel produced from acid raw Jatropha curcas oil

In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV=35.36mg KOH g−1) containing 76.5% w/w of unsaturated fatty acids. The production route consisted of a two-step method, using acid esterification, followed by conventional alkali methanolysis. Biodiese...

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Vydáno v:	Fuel processing technology Ročník 132; číslo C; s. 133 - 138
Hlavní autoři:	Supriyono, Sulistyo, Hary, Almeida, Manuel F., Dias, Joana M.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.04.2015 Elsevier
Témata:	Antioxidants Biodiesel butylated hydroxytoluene Esterification fatty acid composition Fatty acids free fatty acids hydroquinone Jatropha Jatropha curcas Mathematical models methanolysis oils Oxidation Oxidation stability oxidative stability potassium hydroxide product quality propyl gallate pyrogallol Quality standards Raw Raw oil Stability Synthetic antioxidants unsaturated fatty acids Raw oil Oxidation stability Jatropha Synthetic antioxidants
ISSN:	0378-3820, 1873-7188
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Abstract	In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV=35.36mg KOH g−1) containing 76.5% w/w of unsaturated fatty acids. The production route consisted of a two-step method, using acid esterification, followed by conventional alkali methanolysis. Biodiesel was characterized in agreement with EN 14214:2014 and a study on the use of 4 synthetic antioxidants was conducted. The high free fatty acid content of the oil could be reduced to 0.8% w/w by acid esterification. A good product quality was generally observed but the very low oxidation stability, corresponding to an induction period (IP) of 1.37h, was the highest concern. Statistically significant predictive models, which related each antioxidant concentration with the IP, were obtained. Pyrogallol (PY) showed the best results, being estimated that the use of 204ppm in biodiesel could increase its IP to the limit imposed by the quality standard (8h). The following rank, in terms of effectiveness, was obtained: PY>propyl gallate (PG)>butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)>tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). In agreement, the stabilization factors (F), considering the use of 204ppm of antioxidant, were: 5.84 for PY, 4.06 for PG, 1.85 for BHT and 0.85 for TBHQ. •Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a raw high free fatty acid oil.•Acid esterification allowed the reduction of the free fatty acid content from 18%w/w to 0.8%w/w.•Biodiesel produced presented very low oxidation stability (IP=1.37h).•Effectiveness of antioxidants: PY>PG>BHT>TBHQ.•Predictive models were established and using around 200ppm of PY it is possible to achieve an IP of 8h.
AbstractList	In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV = 35.36 mg KOH g super(-1)) containing 76.5% w/w of unsaturated fatty acids. The production route consisted of a two-step method, using acid esterification, followed by conventional alkali methanolysis. Biodiesel was characterized in agreement with EN 14214:2014 and a study on the use of 4 synthetic antioxidants was conducted. The high free fatty acid content of the oil could be reduced to 0.8% w/w by acid esterification. A good product quality was generally observed but the very low oxidation stability, corresponding to an induction period (IP) of 1.37 h, was the highest concern. Statistically significant predictive models, which related each antioxidant concentration with the IP, were obtained. Pyrogallol (PY) showed the best results, being estimated that the use of 204 ppm in biodiesel could increase its IP to the limit imposed by the quality standard (8 h). The following rank, in terms of effectiveness, was obtained: PY > propyl gallate (PG) > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) > tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). In agreement, the stabilization factors (F), considering the use of 204 ppm of antioxidant, were: 5.84 for PY, 4.06 for PG, 1.85 for BHT and 0.85 for TBHQ. In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV=35.36mg KOH g⁻¹) containing 76.5% w/w of unsaturated fatty acids. The production route consisted of a two-step method, using acid esterification, followed by conventional alkali methanolysis. Biodiesel was characterized in agreement with EN 14214:2014 and a study on the use of 4 synthetic antioxidants was conducted. The high free fatty acid content of the oil could be reduced to 0.8% w/w by acid esterification. A good product quality was generally observed but the very low oxidation stability, corresponding to an induction period (IP) of 1.37h, was the highest concern. Statistically significant predictive models, which related each antioxidant concentration with the IP, were obtained. Pyrogallol (PY) showed the best results, being estimated that the use of 204ppm in biodiesel could increase its IP to the limit imposed by the quality standard (8h). The following rank, in terms of effectiveness, was obtained: PY>propyl gallate (PG)>butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)>tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). In agreement, the stabilization factors (F), considering the use of 204ppm of antioxidant, were: 5.84 for PY, 4.06 for PG, 1.85 for BHT and 0.85 for TBHQ. In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV=35.36mg KOH g−1) containing 76.5% w/w of unsaturated fatty acids. The production route consisted of a two-step method, using acid esterification, followed by conventional alkali methanolysis. Biodiesel was characterized in agreement with EN 14214:2014 and a study on the use of 4 synthetic antioxidants was conducted. The high free fatty acid content of the oil could be reduced to 0.8% w/w by acid esterification. A good product quality was generally observed but the very low oxidation stability, corresponding to an induction period (IP) of 1.37h, was the highest concern. Statistically significant predictive models, which related each antioxidant concentration with the IP, were obtained. Pyrogallol (PY) showed the best results, being estimated that the use of 204ppm in biodiesel could increase its IP to the limit imposed by the quality standard (8h). The following rank, in terms of effectiveness, was obtained: PY>propyl gallate (PG)>butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)>tert-butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ). In agreement, the stabilization factors (F), considering the use of 204ppm of antioxidant, were: 5.84 for PY, 4.06 for PG, 1.85 for BHT and 0.85 for TBHQ. •Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a raw high free fatty acid oil.•Acid esterification allowed the reduction of the free fatty acid content from 18%w/w to 0.8%w/w.•Biodiesel produced presented very low oxidation stability (IP=1.37h).•Effectiveness of antioxidants: PY>PG>BHT>TBHQ.•Predictive models were established and using around 200ppm of PY it is possible to achieve an IP of 8h.
Author	Supriyono Almeida, Manuel F. Dias, Joana M. Sulistyo, Hary
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 surname: Supriyono fullname: Supriyono organization: LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal – sequence: 2 givenname: Hary surname: Sulistyo fullname: Sulistyo, Hary organization: Chemical Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Gadjah Mada University, Jl Grafika no 2, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia – sequence: 3 givenname: Manuel F. surname: Almeida fullname: Almeida, Manuel F. organization: LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal – sequence: 4 givenname: Joana M. surname: Dias fullname: Dias, Joana M. email: jmdias@fe.up.pt organization: LEPABE, Departamento de Engenharia Metalúrgica e de Materiais, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Snippet	In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV=35.36mg KOH g−1) containing 76.5% w/w of unsaturated fatty... In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV = 35.36 mg KOH g super(-1)) containing 76.5% w/w of... In the present work, Jatropha curcas biodiesel was produced from a high free fatty acid raw oil (AV=35.36mg KOH g⁻¹) containing 76.5% w/w of unsaturated fatty...
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SubjectTerms	Antioxidants Biodiesel butylated hydroxytoluene Esterification fatty acid composition Fatty acids free fatty acids hydroquinone Jatropha Jatropha curcas Mathematical models methanolysis oils Oxidation Oxidation stability oxidative stability potassium hydroxide product quality propyl gallate pyrogallol Quality standards Raw Raw oil Stability Synthetic antioxidants unsaturated fatty acids
Title	Influence of synthetic antioxidants on the oxidation stability of biodiesel produced from acid raw Jatropha curcas oil
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