Comparative life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment in Denmark including sensitivity and uncertainty analysis

Wastewater treatment has nowadays multiple functions and produces both clean effluents and sludge, which is increasingly seen as a resource rather than a waste product. Technological as well as management choices influence the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the multiple functi...

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Vydané v:	Journal of cleaner production Ročník 68; s. 25 - 35
Hlavní autori:	Niero, Monia, Pizzol, Massimo, Bruun, Henrik Gundorph, Thomsen, Marianne
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2014 Elsevier
Predmet:	agricultural soils Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Applied sciences Assessments Biological and medical sciences Categories climate change Combustion Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Denmark effluents energy Environment and sustainable development environmental performance eutrophication Exact sciences and technology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology LCA Life cycle assessment Life cycle engineering life cycle impact assessment Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo simulation phosphorus Pollution recycling Sensitivity analysis Sludge Sludge management System expansion Uncertainty uncertainty analysis Wastes Wastewater treatment Wastewaters Water treatment and pollution WWTP Denmark Scandinavia Europe Sensitivity analysis LCA System expansion WWTP Sludge management Monte Carlo simulation Monte Carlo method Uncertainty Life cycle (environment) Ecobalance Sewage sludge Sustainable development Sewage treatment plant Wastes Waste water purification Expansion Environmental protection
ISSN:	0959-6526, 1879-1786
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Abstract	Wastewater treatment has nowadays multiple functions and produces both clean effluents and sludge, which is increasingly seen as a resource rather than a waste product. Technological as well as management choices influence the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the multiple functions. In this context, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can determine what choices provide the best environmental performance. However, the assessment is not straightforward due to the intrinsic space and time-related variability of the wastewater treatment process. These challenges were addressed in a comparative LCA of four types of WWTPs, representative of mainstream treatment options in Denmark. The four plant types differ regarding size and treatment technology: aerobic versus anaerobic, chemical vs. combined chemical and biological. Trade-offs in their environmental performance were identified considering system expansion to model the avoided impacts achievable in different end-of-life scenarios for sludge: combustion with energy production versus agricultural application. To account for the variability in quality of effluents and sludge, and to address the related uncertainties, Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were applied. Uncertainties related to the choice of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method and to the use of different data sources were also discussed. The results showed that, for the climate change and fossil depletion impact categories, recycling phosphorus to agricultural soils appear as a more sustainable alternative compared to the incineration of sludge. However, the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis showed that robust conclusions could not be drawn on the eutrophication and toxicity-related impact categories. •We compared 4 different types of Danish Wastewater Treatment Plant.•We used Life Cycle Assessment methodology including system expansion.•Agricultural sludge application emerged as best option for final sludge destination.•We used sensitivity analysis to increase the robustness of our findings.•We assessed input data variability through Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis.
AbstractList	Wastewater treatment has nowadays multiple functions and produces both clean effluents and sludge, which is increasingly seen as a resource rather than a waste product. Technological as well as management choices influence the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the multiple functions. In this context, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can determine what choices provide the best environmental performance. However, the assessment is not straightforward due to the intrinsic space and time-related variability of the wastewater treatment process. These challenges were addressed in a comparative LCA of four types of WWTPs, representative of mainstream treatment options in Denmark. The four plant types differ regarding size and treatment technology: aerobic versus anaerobic, chemical vs. combined chemical and biological. Trade-offs in their environmental performance were identified considering system expansion to model the avoided impacts achievable in different end-of-life scenarios for sludge: combustion with energy production versus agricultural application. To account for the variability in quality of effluents and sludge, and to address the related uncertainties, Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were applied. Uncertainties related to the choice of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method and to the use of different data sources were also discussed. The results showed that, for the climate change and fossil depletion impact categories, recycling phosphorus to agricultural soils appear as a more sustainable alternative compared to the incineration of sludge. However, the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis showed that robust conclusions could not be drawn on the eutrophication and toxicity-related impact categories. Wastewater treatment has nowadays multiple functions and produces both clean effluents and sludge, which is increasingly seen as a resource rather than a waste product. Technological as well as management choices influence the performance of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on the multiple functions. In this context, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) can determine what choices provide the best environmental performance. However, the assessment is not straightforward due to the intrinsic space and time-related variability of the wastewater treatment process. These challenges were addressed in a comparative LCA of four types of WWTPs, representative of mainstream treatment options in Denmark. The four plant types differ regarding size and treatment technology: aerobic versus anaerobic, chemical vs. combined chemical and biological. Trade-offs in their environmental performance were identified considering system expansion to model the avoided impacts achievable in different end-of-life scenarios for sludge: combustion with energy production versus agricultural application. To account for the variability in quality of effluents and sludge, and to address the related uncertainties, Monte Carlo simulation and sensitivity analysis were applied. Uncertainties related to the choice of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) method and to the use of different data sources were also discussed. The results showed that, for the climate change and fossil depletion impact categories, recycling phosphorus to agricultural soils appear as a more sustainable alternative compared to the incineration of sludge. However, the uncertainty and sensitivity analysis showed that robust conclusions could not be drawn on the eutrophication and toxicity-related impact categories. •We compared 4 different types of Danish Wastewater Treatment Plant.•We used Life Cycle Assessment methodology including system expansion.•Agricultural sludge application emerged as best option for final sludge destination.•We used sensitivity analysis to increase the robustness of our findings.•We assessed input data variability through Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis.
Author	Niero, Monia Pizzol, Massimo Bruun, Henrik Gundorph Thomsen, Marianne
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Monia surname: Niero fullname: Niero, Monia email: monni@kt.dtu.dk organization: CESQA, Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy – sequence: 2 givenname: Massimo surname: Pizzol fullname: Pizzol, Massimo email: massimo@plan.aau.dk organization: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark – sequence: 3 givenname: Henrik Gundorph surname: Bruun fullname: Bruun, Henrik Gundorph email: hgb@dmu.dk organization: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark – sequence: 4 givenname: Marianne surname: Thomsen fullname: Thomsen, Marianne email: mth@dmu.dk organization: Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Keywords	Sensitivity analysis LCA System expansion WWTP Sludge management Monte Carlo simulation Monte Carlo method Uncertainty Life cycle (environment) Ecobalance Sewage sludge Sustainable development Sewage treatment plant Wastes Waste water purification Expansion Environmental protection
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Snippet	Wastewater treatment has nowadays multiple functions and produces both clean effluents and sludge, which is increasingly seen as a resource rather than a waste...
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SubjectTerms	agricultural soils Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Applied sciences Assessments Biological and medical sciences Categories climate change Combustion Conservation, protection and management of environment and wildlife Denmark effluents energy Environment and sustainable development environmental performance eutrophication Exact sciences and technology Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology LCA Life cycle assessment Life cycle engineering life cycle impact assessment Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo simulation phosphorus Pollution recycling Sensitivity analysis Sludge Sludge management System expansion Uncertainty uncertainty analysis Wastes Wastewater treatment Wastewaters Water treatment and pollution WWTP
Title	Comparative life cycle assessment of wastewater treatment in Denmark including sensitivity and uncertainty analysis
URI	https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.12.051 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1520388674 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1671543886 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1846356432
Volume	68
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