Low Serum Allopregnanolone Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression in Late Pregnancy
Background: Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA A receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood....
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| Published in: | Neuropsychobiology Vol. 69; no. 3; pp. 147 - 153 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Basel, Switzerland
S. Karger AG
01.01.2014
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| ISSN: | 0302-282X, 1423-0224, 1423-0224 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | Background: Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA A receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Results: Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. Conclusion: High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. |
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| AbstractList | Background: Allopregnanolone (3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA(A) receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioinnmunoassay. Results: Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S >= 13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 +/- 17.9 vs. 54.6 +/- 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. Conclusion: High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. (C) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel Background: Allopregnanolone (3-hydroxy-5-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Results: Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S 13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 17.9 vs. 54.6 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. Conclusion: High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. copyright 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel Background: Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA A receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Results: Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. Conclusion: High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. Background: Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Results: Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. Conclusion: High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. Background: Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Methods: Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Results: Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. Conclusion: High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. © 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA A receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy co-vary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37 - 40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S and STAI–T). Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥ 13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the lower range (39.0 ± 17.9 nmol/l vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson’s correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. In conclusion, high allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety.BACKGROUNDAllopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety.Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay.METHODSNinety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay.Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥ 13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy.RESULTSTen women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥ 13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy.High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy.CONCLUSIONHigh allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This progesterone metabolite has strong sedative and anxiolytic properties, and low endogenous levels have been associated with depressed mood. This study aimed to investigate whether the very high serum allopregnanolone levels in late pregnancy covary with concurrent self-rated symptoms of depression and anxiety. Ninety-six women in pregnancy weeks 37-40 rated symptoms of depression and anxiety with the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS-S) and Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Their serum allopregnanolone was analyzed by Celite chromatography and radioimmunoassay. Ten women had elevated depression scores (MADRS-S ≥ 13), and this group had significantly lower allopregnanolone levels compared to women with MADRS-S scores in the normal range (39.0 ± 17.9 vs. 54.6 ± 18.7 nmol/l, p = 0.014). A significant negative correlation was found between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone concentrations (Pearson's correlation coefficient = -0.220, p = 0.031). The linear association between self-rated depression scores and allopregnanolone serum concentrations remained significant when adjusted for gestational length, progesterone levels, and parity. Self-rated anxiety, however, was not associated with allopregnanolone serum concentrations during pregnancy. High allopregnanolone serum concentrations may protect against depressed mood during pregnancy. |
| Author | Sundström-Poromaa, Inger Bäckström, Torbjörn Åkerud, Helena Skalkidou, Alkistis Hellgren, Charlotte |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Charlotte surname: Hellgren fullname: Hellgren, Charlotte email: charlotte.hellgren@kbh.uu.se – sequence: 2 givenname: Helena surname: Åkerud fullname: Åkerud, Helena – sequence: 3 givenname: Alkistis surname: Skalkidou fullname: Skalkidou, Alkistis – sequence: 4 givenname: Torbjörn surname: Bäckström fullname: Bäckström, Torbjörn – sequence: 5 givenname: Inger surname: Sundström-Poromaa fullname: Sundström-Poromaa, Inger |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24776841$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-91164$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Umeå universitet) https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-197611$$DView record from Swedish Publication Index (Uppsala universitet) |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel. Copyright (c) 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel |
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| Keywords | Pregnancy Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Depression Anxiety Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale Allopregnanolone |
| Language | English |
| License | Open Access License: This is an Open Access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported license (CC BY-NC) applicable to the online version of the article only. Distribution permitted for non-commercial purposes only. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 2014 S. Karger AG, Basel. |
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Psychol Med 2002;32:929-933.1217138710.1017/S0033291702005238 Timby E, Balgard M, Nyberg S, Spigset O, Andersson A, Porankiewicz-Asplund J, et al: Pharmacokinetic and behavioral effects of allopregnanolone in healthy women. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006;186:414-424.1617788410.1007/s00213-005-0148-7 Steimer T, Driscoll P, Schulz PE: Brain metabolism of progesterone, coping behaviour and emotional reactivity in male rats from two psychogenetically selected lines. J Neuroendocrinol 1997;9:169-175.908946710.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.t01-1-00571.x Uzunova V, Sheline Y, Davis JM, Rasmusson A, Uzunov DP, Costa E, et al: Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. 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J Affect Disord 2004;80:65-73.1509425910.1016/j.jad.2003.08.004 Kask K, Bäckström T, Nilsson LG, Sundström-Poromaa I: Allopregnanolone impairs episodic memory in healthy women. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008;199:161-168.1855128210.1007/s00213-008-1150-7 Svanborg P, Asberg M: A new self-rating scale for depression and anxiety states based on the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;89:21-28.814090310.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01480.x Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R: Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:782-786.365173210.1192/bjp.150.6.782 Luisi S, Petraglia F, Benedetto C, Nappi RE, Bernardi F, Fadalti M, et al: Serum allopregnanolone levels in pregnant women: changes during pregnancy, at delivery, and in hypertensive patients. 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Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:910-913.9659856 Vesga-Lopez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, Olfson M, Grant BF, Hasin DS: Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:805-815.1860695310.1001/archpsyc.65.7.805 Christensen H, Leach LS, Mackinnon A: Cognition in pregnancy and motherhood: prospective cohort study. Br J Psychiatry 2010;196:126-132.2011845810.1192/bjp.bp.109.068635 Grant KA, McMahon C, Austin MP: Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study. J Affect Disord 2008;108:101-111.1800184110.1016/j.jad.2007.10.002 Turkmen S, Backstrom T, Wahlstrom G, Andreen L, Johansson IM: Tolerance to allopregnanolone with focus on the GABA-A receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2011;162:311-327.2088347810.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01059.x Zhu D, Birzniece V, Bäckström T, Wahlström G: Dynamic aspects of acute tolerance to allopregnanolone evaluated using anaesthesia threshold in male rats. 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Pharmacol Ther 2007;116:58-76.1751298310.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.008 Dombroski RA, Casey ML, MacDonald PC: 5-Alpha-dihydroprogesterone formation in human placenta from 5alpha-pregnan-3beta/alpha-ol-20-ones and 5-pregnan-3beta-yl-20-one sulfate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;63:155-163.944921710.1016/S0960-0760(97)00058-7 Gulinello M, Orman R, Smith SS: Sex differences in anxiety, sensorimotor gating and expression of the alpha4 subunit of the GABAA receptor in the amygdala after progesterone withdrawal. Eur J Neurosci 2003;17:641-648.1258118210.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02479.x Nyberg S, Bäckström T, Zingmark E, Purdy RH, Poromaa IS: Allopregnanolone decrease with symptom improvement during placebo and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in women with severe premenstrual syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:257-266.1755868310.1080/09513590701253511 Brambilla F, Biggio G, Pisu MG, Bellodi L, Perna G, Bogdanovich-Djukic V, et al: Neurosteroid secretion in panic disorder. 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Neuropsychopharmacology 1996;15:533-540.894642710.1016/S0893-133X(96)00096-6 Bicikova M, Tallova J, Hill M, Krausova Z, Hampl R: Serum concentrations of some neuroactive steroids in women suffering from mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. Neurochem Res 2000;25:1623-1627.1115239110.1023/A:1026622704704 Wickberg B, Hwang CP: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation on a Swedish community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;94:181-184.889108410.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09845.x Rich-Edwards JW, Mohllajee AP, Kleinman K, Hacker MR, Majzoub J, Wright RJ, et al: Elevated midpregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with prenatal, but not postpartum, maternal depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1946-1951.1830307510.1210/jc.2007-2535 Morgan ML, Rapkin AJ, Biggio G, Serra M, Pisu MG, Rasgon N: Neuroactive steroids after estrogen exposure in depressed postmenopausal women treated with sertraline and asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010;13:91-98.1972803510.1007/s00737-009-0106-1 Bitran D, Hil ref13 ref35 ref12 ref34 ref15 ref37 ref14 ref36 ref31 ref30 ref11 ref33 ref10 ref32 ref2 ref1 ref17 ref39 ref16 ref38 ref19 ref18 ref24 ref46 ref23 ref45 ref26 ref25 ref20 ref42 ref41 ref22 ref44 ref21 ref43 ref28 ref27 ref29 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 ref3 ref6 ref5 ref40 |
| References_xml | – reference: Brambilla F, Biggio G, Pisu MG, Bellodi L, Perna G, Bogdanovich-Djukic V, et al: Neurosteroid secretion in panic disorder. Psychiatry Res 2003;118:107-116.1279897510.1016/S0165-1781(03)00077-5 – reference: Kask K, Bäckström T, Nilsson LG, Sundström-Poromaa I: Allopregnanolone impairs episodic memory in healthy women. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008;199:161-168.1855128210.1007/s00213-008-1150-7 – reference: Spielberger CD: State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults. Sampler Set, Manual Set, Scoring Key. Palo Alto, Consulting Psychologists Press Inc, 1983. – reference: Bixo M, Andersson A, Winblad B, Purdy RH, Bäckström T: Progesterone, 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione and 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnane-20-one in specific regions of the human female brain in different endocrine states. Brain Res 1997;764:173-178.929520710.1016/S0006-8993(97)00455-1 – reference: Nyberg S, Bäckström T, Zingmark E, Purdy RH, Poromaa IS: Allopregnanolone decrease with symptom improvement during placebo and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment in women with severe premenstrual syndrome. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007;23:257-266.1755868310.1080/09513590701253511 – reference: Vesga-Lopez O, Blanco C, Keyes K, Olfson M, Grant BF, Hasin DS: Psychiatric disorders in pregnant and postpartum women in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65:805-815.1860695310.1001/archpsyc.65.7.805 – reference: Paoletti AM, Romagnino S, Contu R, Orru MM, Marotto MF, Zedda P, et al: Observational study on the stability of the psychological status during normal pregnancy and increased blood levels of neuroactive steroids with GABA-A receptor agonist activity. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006;31:485-492.1640634910.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.11.006 – reference: Smith SS, Shen H, Gong QH, Zhou X: Neurosteroid regulation of GABA(A) receptors: focus on the alpha4 and delta subunits. Pharmacol Ther 2007;116:58-76.1751298310.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.03.008 – reference: de Brito Faturi C, Teixeira-Silva F, Leite JR: The anxiolytic effect of pregnancy in rats is reversed by finasteride. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2006;85:569-574.1715683210.1016/j.pbb.2006.10.011 – reference: Bitran D, Hilvers RJ, Kellogg CK: Anxiolytic effects of 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha[beta]-pregnan-20-one: endogenous metabolites of progesterone that are active at the GABAA receptor. Brain Res 1991;561:157-161.168674410.1016/0006-8993(91)90761-J – reference: Uzunova V, Sheline Y, Davis JM, Rasmusson A, Uzunov DP, Costa E, et al: Increase in the cerebrospinal fluid content of neurosteroids in patients with unipolar major depression who are receiving fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:3239-3244.950124710.1073/pnas.95.6.3239 – reference: Wickberg B, Hwang CP: The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: validation on a Swedish community sample. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996;94:181-184.889108410.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb09845.x – reference: Bicikova M, Tallova J, Hill M, Krausova Z, Hampl R: Serum concentrations of some neuroactive steroids in women suffering from mixed anxiety-depressive disorder. Neurochem Res 2000;25:1623-1627.1115239110.1023/A:1026622704704 – reference: Heydari B, Le Melledo JM: Low pregnenolone sulphate plasma concentrations in patients with generalized social phobia. Psychol Med 2002;32:929-933.1217138710.1017/S0033291702005238 – reference: Steimer T, Driscoll P, Schulz PE: Brain metabolism of progesterone, coping behaviour and emotional reactivity in male rats from two psychogenetically selected lines. J Neuroendocrinol 1997;9:169-175.908946710.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.t01-1-00571.x – reference: Dombroski RA, Casey ML, MacDonald PC: 5-Alpha-dihydroprogesterone formation in human placenta from 5alpha-pregnan-3beta/alpha-ol-20-ones and 5-pregnan-3beta-yl-20-one sulfate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1997;63:155-163.944921710.1016/S0960-0760(97)00058-7 – reference: Finn DA, Gee KW: The influence of estrus cycle on neurosteroid potency at the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor complex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;265:1374-1379.8389864 – reference: Genazzani AD, Luisi M, Malavasi B, Strucchi C, Luisi S, Casarosa E, et al: Pulsatile secretory characteristics of allopregnanolone, a neuroactive steroid, during the menstrual cycle and in amenorrheic subjects. Eur J Endocrinol 2002;146:347-356.1188884110.1530/eje.0.1460347 – reference: Serra M, Pisu MG, Littera M, Papi G, Sanna E, Tuveri F, et al: Social isolation-induced decreases in both the abundance of neuroactive steroids and GABA(A) receptor function in rat brain. J Neurochem 2000;75:732-740.1089994910.1046/j.1471-4159.2000.0750732.x – reference: Turkmen S, Backstrom T, Wahlstrom G, Andreen L, Johansson IM: Tolerance to allopregnanolone with focus on the GABA-A receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2011;162:311-327.2088347810.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01059.x – reference: Luisi S, Petraglia F, Benedetto C, Nappi RE, Bernardi F, Fadalti M, et al: Serum allopregnanolone levels in pregnant women: changes during pregnancy, at delivery, and in hypertensive patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:2429-2433.1090278910.1210/jc.85.7.2429 – reference: Genazzani AR, Petraglia F, Bernardi F, Casarosa E, Salvestroni C, Tonetti A, et al: Circulating levels of allopregnanolone in humans: gender, age, and endocrine influences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:2099-2103.962614510.1210/jc.83.6.2099 – reference: Majewska MD, Harrison NL, Schwartz RD, Barker JL, Paul SM: Steroid hormone metabolites are barbiturate-like modulators of the GABA receptor. Science 1986;232:1004-1007.242275810.1126/science.2422758 – reference: Zhu D, Birzniece V, Bäckström T, Wahlström G: Dynamic aspects of acute tolerance to allopregnanolone evaluated using anaesthesia threshold in male rats. Br J Anaesth 2004;93:560-567.1527729910.1093/bja/aeh233 – reference: Grant KA, McMahon C, Austin MP: Maternal anxiety during the transition to parenthood: a prospective study. J Affect Disord 2008;108:101-111.1800184110.1016/j.jad.2007.10.002 – reference: Pearson Murphy BE, Steinberg SI, Hu FY, Allison CM: Neuroactive ring A-reduced metabolites of progesterone in human plasma during pregnancy: elevated levels of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone in depressed patients during the latter half of pregnancy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:5981-5987.11739473 – reference: Klatzkin RR, Morrow AL, Light KC, Pedersen CA, Girdler SS: Associations of histories of depression and PMDD diagnosis with allopregnanolone concentrations following the oral administration of micronized progesterone. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2006;31:1208-1219.1704616610.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.09.002 – reference: Rich-Edwards JW, Mohllajee AP, Kleinman K, Hacker MR, Majzoub J, Wright RJ, et al: Elevated midpregnancy corticotropin-releasing hormone is associated with prenatal, but not postpartum, maternal depression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1946-1951.1830307510.1210/jc.2007-2535 – reference: Semeniuk T, Jhangri GS, Le Melledo JM: Neuroactive steroid levels in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2001;13:396-398.1151464710.1176/appi.neuropsych.13.3.396 – reference: Frye CA, Petralia SM, Rhodes ME: Estrous cycle and sex differences in performance on anxiety tasks coincide with increases in hippocampal progesterone and 3alpha,5alpha-THP. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2000;67:587-596.1116409010.1016/S0091-3057(00)00392-0 – reference: Andersson L, Sundström-Poromaa I, Wulff M, Aström M, Bixo M: Depression and anxiety during pregnancy and six months postpartum: a follow-up study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2006;85:937-944.1686247110.1080/00016340600697652 – reference: Heron J, O'Connor TG, Evans J, Golding J, Glover V: The course of anxiety and depression through pregnancy and the postpartum in a community sample. J Affect Disord 2004;80:65-73.1509425910.1016/j.jad.2003.08.004 – reference: Cox JL, Holden JM, Sagovsky R: Detection of postnatal depression: development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Br J Psychiatry 1987;150:782-786.365173210.1192/bjp.150.6.782 – reference: Le Melledo JM, Van Driel M, Coupland NJ, Lott P, Jhangri GS: Response to flumazenil in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:821-823.1078447910.1176/appi.ajp.157.5.821 – reference: Morgan ML, Rapkin AJ, Biggio G, Serra M, Pisu MG, Rasgon N: Neuroactive steroids after estrogen exposure in depressed postmenopausal women treated with sertraline and asymptomatic postmenopausal women. Arch Womens Ment Health 2010;13:91-98.1972803510.1007/s00737-009-0106-1 – reference: Dong E, Matsumoto K, Uzunova V, Sugaya I, Takahata H, Nomura H, et al: Brain 5alpha-dihydroprogesterone and allopregnanolone synthesis in a mouse model of protracted social isolation. 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| Snippet | Background: Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA A receptor.... Background: Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor.... Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This... Background: Allopregnanolone (3-hydroxy-5-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABAA receptor. This... Background: Allopregnanolone (3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has an inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA(A)... Allopregnanolone (3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one) is a neurosteroid which has inhibitory function through interaction with the GABA A receptor. This progesterone... |
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| SubjectTerms | Adult Allopregnanolone Anxiety Anxiety - blood Depression Depression - blood Depression, Postpartum - blood Female Humans MADRS-S Medical Science Medicinsk vetenskap Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale Neuroscience neurosteroid Neurovetenskap Obstetrics and Gynaecology Obstetrik och gynekologi Original Paper Pregnancy Pregnancy Complications - blood Pregnancy Trimester, Third - blood Pregnanolone - blood Self Report Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory STAI Young Adult |
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| Title | Low Serum Allopregnanolone Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression in Late Pregnancy |
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