Forestry applications of UAVs in Europe: a review

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or remotely piloted aircraft systems are new platforms that have been increasingly used over the last decade in Europe to collect data for forest research, thanks to the miniaturization and cost reduction of GPS receivers, inertial navigation system, computers, and, m...

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Published in:	International journal of remote sensing Vol. 38; no. 8-10; pp. 2427 - 2447
Main Authors:	Torresan, Chiara, Berton, Andrea, Carotenuto, Federico, Di Gennaro, Salvatore Filippo, Gioli, Beniamino, Matese, Alessandro, Miglietta, Franco, Vagnoli, Carolina, Zaldei, Alessandro, Wallace, Luke
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Taylor & Francis 19.05.2017 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Subjects:	Autonomy Case studies Computers Consolidation cost effectiveness Cost engineering Cost reduction Europe European Union Fires Flight planning Forestry Forestry research Forests Fragmentation Frameworks Global positioning systems GPS High resolution hyperspectral imagery Imagery Inertial navigation Infrared imagery inventories Lidar Low cost Mathematical models Miniaturization monitoring Navigation systems Receivers Reliability Remote sensing Remote sensors Satellite navigation systems Small scale Soil Solutions Species classification Unmanned aerial vehicles Wings Europe ANE, Europe
ISSN:	0143-1161, 1366-5901, 1366-5901
Online Access:	Get full text
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Abstract	Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or remotely piloted aircraft systems are new platforms that have been increasingly used over the last decade in Europe to collect data for forest research, thanks to the miniaturization and cost reduction of GPS receivers, inertial navigation system, computers, and, most of all, sensors for remote sensing. In this review, after describing the regulatory framework for the operation of UAVs in the European Union (EU), an overview of applications in forest research is presented, followed by a discussion of the results obtained from the analysis of different case studies. Rotary-wing and fixed-wing UAVs are equally distributed among the case studies, while ready-to-fly solutions are preferred over self-designed and developed UAVs. Most adopted technologies are visible-red, green, and blue, multispectral in visible and near-infrared, middle-infrared, thermal infrared imagery, and lidar. The majority of current UAV-based applications for forest research aim to inventory resources, map diseases, classify species, monitor fire and its effects, quantify spatial gaps, and estimate post-harvest soil displacement. Successful implementation of UAVs in forestry depends on UAV features, such as flexibility of use in flight planning, low cost, reliability and autonomy, and capability of timely provision of high-resolution data. Unfortunately, the fragmented regulations among EU countries, a result of the lack of common rules for operating UAVs in Europe, limit the chance to operate within Europe's boundaries and prevent research mobility and exchange opportunities. Nevertheless, the applications of UAVs are expanding in different domains, and the use of UAVs in forestry will increase, possibly leading to a regular utilization for small-scale monitoring purposes in Europe when recent technologies (i.e. hyperspectral imagery and lidar) and methodological approaches will be consolidated.
AbstractList	Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or remotely piloted aircraft systems are new platforms that have been increasingly used over the last decade in Europe to collect data for forest research, thanks to the miniaturization and cost reduction of GPS receivers, inertial navigation system, computers, and, most of all, sensors for remote sensing. In this review, after describing the regulatory framework for the operation of UAVs in the European Union (EU), an overview of applications in forest research is presented, followed by a discussion of the results obtained from the analysis of different case studies. Rotary-wing and fixed-wing UAVs are equally distributed among the case studies, while ready-to-fly solutions are preferred over self-designed and developed UAVs. Most adopted technologies are visible-red, green, and blue, multispectral in visible and near-infrared, middle-infrared, thermal infrared imagery, and lidar. The majority of current UAV-based applications for forest research aim to inventory resources, map diseases, classify species, monitor fire and its effects, quantify spatial gaps, and estimate post-harvest soil displacement. Successful implementation of UAVs in forestry depends on UAV features, such as flexibility of use in flight planning, low cost, reliability and autonomy, and capability of timely provision of high-resolution data. Unfortunately, the fragmented regulations among EU countries, a result of the lack of common rules for operating UAVs in Europe, limit the chance to operate within Europe's boundaries and prevent research mobility and exchange opportunities. Nevertheless, the applications of UAVs are expanding in different domains, and the use of UAVs in forestry will increase, possibly leading to a regular utilization for small-scale monitoring purposes in Europe when recent technologies (i.e. hyperspectral imagery and lidar) and methodological approaches will be consolidated. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or remotely piloted aircraft systems are new platforms that have been increasingly used over the last decade in Europe to collect data for forest research, thanks to the miniaturization and cost reduction of GPS receivers, inertial navigation system, computers, and, most of all, sensors for remote sensing. In this review, after describing the regulatory framework for the operation of UAVs in the European Union (EU), an overview of applications in forest research is presented, followed by a discussion of the results obtained from the analysis of different case studies. Rotary-wing and fixed-wing UAVs are equally distributed among the case studies, while ready-to-fly solutions are preferred over self-designed and developed UAVs. Most adopted technologies are visible-red, green, and blue, multispectral in visible and near-infrared, middle-infrared, thermal infrared imagery, and lidar. The majority of current UAV-based applications for forest research aim to inventory resources, map diseases, classify species, monitor fire and its effects, quantify spatial gaps, and estimate post-harvest soil displacement. Successful implementation of UAVs in forestry depends on UAV features, such as flexibility of use in flight planning, low cost, reliability and autonomy, and capability of timely provision of high-resolution data. Unfortunately, the fragmented regulations among EU countries, a result of the lack of common rules for operating UAVs in Europe, limit the chance to operate within Europe's boundaries and prevent research mobility and exchange opportunities. Nevertheless, the applications of UAVs are expanding in different domains, and the use of UAVs in forestry will increase, possibly leading to a regular utilization for small-scale monitoring purposes in Europe when recent technologies (i.e. hyperspectral imagery and lidar) and methodological approaches will be consolidated.
Author	Berton, Andrea Vagnoli, Carolina Wallace, Luke Torresan, Chiara Carotenuto, Federico Zaldei, Alessandro Matese, Alessandro Miglietta, Franco Di Gennaro, Salvatore Filippo Gioli, Beniamino
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Chiara surname: Torresan fullname: Torresan, Chiara email: c.torresan@ibimet.cnr.it organization: FoxLab, Joint National Research Council (CNR)-Edmund Mach Foundation (FEM) Initiative – sequence: 2 givenname: Andrea surname: Berton fullname: Berton, Andrea organization: Institute of Clinical Physiology (IFC), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 3 givenname: Federico surname: Carotenuto fullname: Carotenuto, Federico organization: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 4 givenname: Salvatore Filippo surname: Di Gennaro fullname: Di Gennaro, Salvatore Filippo organization: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 5 givenname: Beniamino surname: Gioli fullname: Gioli, Beniamino organization: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 6 givenname: Alessandro surname: Matese fullname: Matese, Alessandro organization: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 7 givenname: Franco surname: Miglietta fullname: Miglietta, Franco organization: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 8 givenname: Carolina surname: Vagnoli fullname: Vagnoli, Carolina organization: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 9 givenname: Alessandro surname: Zaldei fullname: Zaldei, Alessandro organization: Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) – sequence: 10 givenname: Luke surname: Wallace fullname: Wallace, Luke organization: School of Science, RMIT University
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ContentType	Journal Article
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SubjectTerms	Autonomy Case studies Computers Consolidation cost effectiveness Cost engineering Cost reduction Europe European Union Fires Flight planning Forestry Forestry research Forests Fragmentation Frameworks Global positioning systems GPS High resolution hyperspectral imagery Imagery Inertial navigation Infrared imagery inventories Lidar Low cost Mathematical models Miniaturization monitoring Navigation systems Receivers Reliability Remote sensing Remote sensors Satellite navigation systems Small scale Soil Solutions Species classification Unmanned aerial vehicles Wings
Title	Forestry applications of UAVs in Europe: a review
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