Chikungunya virus: an update on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen

Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Ame...

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Vydané v:	The Lancet infectious diseases Ročník 17; číslo 4; s. e107 - e117
Hlavní autori:	Burt, Felicity J, Chen, Weiqiang, Miner, Jonathan J, Lenschow, Deborah J, Merits, Andres, Schnettler, Esther, Kohl, Alain, Rudd, Penny A, Taylor, Adam, Herrero, Lara J, Zaid, Ali, Ng, Lisa F P, Mahalingam, Suresh
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	United States Elsevier Ltd 01.04.2017 Elsevier Limited
Predmet:	Aedes - virology Animal models Animals Antiviral agents Aquatic insects Chikungunya Fever - epidemiology Chikungunya Fever - immunology Chikungunya Fever - virology Chikungunya virus Chikungunya virus - genetics Chikungunya virus - isolation & purification Chikungunya virus - pathogenicity Communicable Diseases, Emerging Deoxyribonucleic acid Disease Outbreaks DNA Epidemics Epidemiology Fever Genomes Global Health Humans Immune clearance Immune response Immune system Immunoglobulins Immunology Infections Infectious Disease Infectious diseases Infiltration Inflammation Inflammatory response Insect Vectors - virology Joint diseases Measles Models, Animal Mosquitoes Outbreaks Pain Pathogenesis Pathogens Pathology Proteins Public health Vaccines Vector-borne diseases Virus-like particles Viruses
ISSN:	1473-3099, 1474-4457
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Abstract	Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus to Aedes albopictus, a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines.
AbstractList	Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted byAedes aegyptimosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus toAedes albopictus, a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines. Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus to Aedes albopictus, a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines. Summary Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent, sporadic outbreaks, the virus has caused major epidemic outbreaks in Africa, Asia, the Indian Ocean, and more recently the Caribbean and the Americas. Chikungunya virus is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions, but the potential exists for further spread because of genetic adaptation of the virus to Aedes albopictus , a species that thrives in temperate regions. Chikungunya virus represents a substantial health burden to affected populations, with symptoms that include severe joint and muscle pain, rashes, and fever, as well as prolonged periods of disability in some patients. The inflammatory response coincides with raised levels of immune mediators and infiltration of immune cells into infected joints and surrounding tissues. Animal models have provided insights into disease pathology and immune responses. Although host innate and adaptive responses have a role in viral clearance and protection, they can also contribute to virus-induced immune pathology. Understanding the mechanisms of host immune responses is essential for the development of treatments and vaccines. Inhibitory compounds targeting key inflammatory pathways, as well as attenuated virus vaccines, have shown some success in animal models, including an attenuated vaccine strain based on an isolate from La Reunion incorporating an internal ribosome entry sequence that prevents the virus from infecting mosquitoes and a vaccine based on virus-like particles expressing envelope proteins. However, immune correlates of protection, as well as the safety of prophylactic and therapeutic candidates, are important to consider for their application in chikungunya infections. In this Review, we provide an update on chikungunya virus with regard to its epidemiology, molecular virology, virus-host interactions, immunological responses, animal models, and potential antiviral therapies and vaccines.
Author	Taylor, Adam Kohl, Alain Zaid, Ali Mahalingam, Suresh Chen, Weiqiang Rudd, Penny A Burt, Felicity J Merits, Andres Ng, Lisa F P Schnettler, Esther Lenschow, Deborah J Herrero, Lara J Miner, Jonathan J
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Felicity J surname: Burt fullname: Burt, Felicity J email: burtfj@ufs.ac.za organization: National Health Laboratory Services, Universitas and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa – sequence: 2 givenname: Weiqiang surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Weiqiang organization: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia – sequence: 3 givenname: Jonathan J surname: Miner fullname: Miner, Jonathan J organization: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA – sequence: 4 givenname: Deborah J surname: Lenschow fullname: Lenschow, Deborah J organization: Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA – sequence: 5 givenname: Andres surname: Merits fullname: Merits, Andres organization: Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia – sequence: 6 givenname: Esther surname: Schnettler fullname: Schnettler, Esther organization: Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany – sequence: 7 givenname: Alain surname: Kohl fullname: Kohl, Alain organization: MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK – sequence: 8 givenname: Penny A surname: Rudd fullname: Rudd, Penny A organization: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia – sequence: 9 givenname: Adam surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, Adam organization: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia – sequence: 10 givenname: Lara J surname: Herrero fullname: Herrero, Lara J organization: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia – sequence: 11 givenname: Ali surname: Zaid fullname: Zaid, Ali organization: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia – sequence: 12 givenname: Lisa F P surname: Ng fullname: Ng, Lisa F P organization: Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Biopolis, Singapore – sequence: 13 givenname: Suresh surname: Mahalingam fullname: Mahalingam, Suresh organization: Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Snippet	Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of infrequent,... Summary Re-emergence of chikungunya virus, a mosquito-transmitted pathogen, is of serious public health concern. In the past 15 years, after decades of...
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SubjectTerms	Aedes - virology Animal models Animals Antiviral agents Aquatic insects Chikungunya Fever - epidemiology Chikungunya Fever - immunology Chikungunya Fever - virology Chikungunya virus Chikungunya virus - genetics Chikungunya virus - isolation & purification Chikungunya virus - pathogenicity Communicable Diseases, Emerging Deoxyribonucleic acid Disease Outbreaks DNA Epidemics Epidemiology Fever Genomes Global Health Humans Immune clearance Immune response Immune system Immunoglobulins Immunology Infections Infectious Disease Infectious diseases Infiltration Inflammation Inflammatory response Insect Vectors - virology Joint diseases Measles Models, Animal Mosquitoes Outbreaks Pain Pathogenesis Pathogens Pathology Proteins Public health Vaccines Vector-borne diseases Virus-like particles Viruses
Title	Chikungunya virus: an update on the biology and pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen
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