Small-scale water deficits after wildfires create long-lasting ecological impacts
Ecological droughts are deficits in soil-water availability that induce threshold-like ecosystem responses, such as causing altered or degraded plant-community conditions, which can be exceedingly difficult to reverse. However, 'ecological drought' can be difficult to define, let alone to...
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| Vydáno v: | Environmental research letters Ročník 15; číslo 4; s. 44001 - 44010 |
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Bristol
IOP Publishing
01.04.2020
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| ISSN: | 1748-9326, 1748-9326 |
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| Abstract | Ecological droughts are deficits in soil-water availability that induce threshold-like ecosystem responses, such as causing altered or degraded plant-community conditions, which can be exceedingly difficult to reverse. However, 'ecological drought' can be difficult to define, let alone to quantify, especially at spatial and temporal scales relevant to land managers. This is despite a growing need to integrate drought-related factors into management decisions as climate changes result in precipitation instability in many semi-arid ecosystems. We asked whether success in restoration seedings of the foundational species big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) was related to estimated water deficit, using the SoilWat2 model and data from >600 plots located in previously burned areas in the western United States. Water deficit was characterized by: (1) the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), a coarse-scale drought index, and (2) the number of days with wet and warm conditions in the near-surface soil, where seeds and seedlings germinate and emerge (i.e. days with 0-5 cm deep soil water potential >−2.5 MPa and temperature above 0 °C). SPEI, a widely used drought index, was not predictive of whether sagebrush had reestablished. In contrast, wet-warm days elicited a critical drought threshold response, with successfully reestablished sites having experienced seven more wet-warm days than unsuccessful sites during the first March following summer wildfire and restoration. Thus, seemingly small-scale and short-term changes in water availability and temperature can contribute to major ecosystem shifts, as many of these sites remained shrubless two decades later. These findings help clarify the definition of ecological drought for a foundational species and its imperiled semi-arid ecosystem. Drought is well known to affect the occurrence of wildfires, but drought in the year(s) after fire can determine whether fire causes long-lasting, negative impacts on ecosystems. |
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| AbstractList | Ecological droughts are deficits in soil–water availability that induce threshold-like ecosystem responses, such as causing altered or degraded plant-community conditions, which can be exceedingly difficult to reverse. However, ‘ecological drought’ can be difficult to define, let alone to quantify, especially at spatial and temporal scales relevant to land managers. This is despite a growing need to integrate drought-related factors into management decisions as climate changes result in precipitation instability in many semi-arid ecosystems. We asked whether success in restoration seedings of the foundational species big sagebrush (
Artemisia tridentata
) was related to estimated water deficit, using the SoilWat2 model and data from >600 plots located in previously burned areas in the western United States. Water deficit was characterized by: (1) the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), a coarse-scale drought index, and (2) the number of days with wet and warm conditions in the near-surface soil, where seeds and seedlings germinate and emerge (i.e. days with 0–5 cm deep soil water potential >−2.5 MPa and temperature above 0 °C). SPEI, a widely used drought index, was not predictive of whether sagebrush had reestablished. In contrast, wet-warm days elicited a critical drought threshold response, with successfully reestablished sites having experienced seven more wet-warm days than unsuccessful sites during the first March following summer wildfire and restoration. Thus, seemingly small-scale and short-term changes in water availability and temperature can contribute to major ecosystem shifts, as many of these sites remained shrubless two decades later. These findings help clarify the definition of ecological drought for a foundational species and its imperiled semi-arid ecosystem. Drought is well known to affect the occurrence of wildfires, but drought in the year(s) after fire can determine whether fire causes long-lasting, negative impacts on ecosystems. Ecological droughts are deficits in soil–water availability that induce threshold-like ecosystem responses, such as causing altered or degraded plant-community conditions, which can be exceedingly difficult to reverse. However, ‘ecological drought’ can be difficult to define, let alone to quantify, especially at spatial and temporal scales relevant to land managers. This is despite a growing need to integrate drought-related factors into management decisions as climate changes result in precipitation instability in many semi-arid ecosystems. We asked whether success in restoration seedings of the foundational species big sagebrush ( Artemisia tridentata ) was related to estimated water deficit, using the SoilWat2 model and data from >600 plots located in previously burned areas in the western United States. Water deficit was characterized by: (1) the standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index (SPEI), a coarse-scale drought index, and (2) the number of days with wet and warm conditions in the near-surface soil, where seeds and seedlings germinate and emerge (i.e. days with 0–5 cm deep soil water potential >−2.5 MPa and temperature above 0 °C). SPEI, a widely used drought index, was not predictive of whether sagebrush had reestablished. In contrast, wet-warm days elicited a critical drought threshold response, with successfully reestablished sites having experienced seven more wet-warm days than unsuccessful sites during the first March following summer wildfire and restoration. Thus, seemingly small-scale and short-term changes in water availability and temperature can contribute to major ecosystem shifts, as many of these sites remained shrubless two decades later. These findings help clarify the definition of ecological drought for a foundational species and its imperiled semi-arid ecosystem. Drought is well known to affect the occurrence of wildfires, but drought in the year(s) after fire can determine whether fire causes long-lasting, negative impacts on ecosystems. |
| Author | Germino, Matthew J Andrews, Caitlin M O'Connor, Rory C Pilliod, David S Arkle, Robert S Bradford, John B Barnard, David M Shriver, Robert K |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Rory C orcidid: 0000-0002-6473-0032 surname: O'Connor fullname: O'Connor, Rory C organization: U.S. Geological Survey-Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, United States of America – sequence: 2 givenname: Matthew J orcidid: 0000-0001-6326-7579 surname: Germino fullname: Germino, Matthew J email: mgermino@usgs.gov organization: U.S. Geological Survey-Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, United States of America – sequence: 3 givenname: David M orcidid: 0000-0003-1877-3151 surname: Barnard fullname: Barnard, David M organization: USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Fort Collins, CO, United States of America – sequence: 4 givenname: Caitlin M surname: Andrews fullname: Andrews, Caitlin M organization: U.S. Geological Survey-Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America – sequence: 5 givenname: John B orcidid: 0000-0001-9257-6303 surname: Bradford fullname: Bradford, John B organization: U.S. Geological Survey-Southwest Biological Science Center, Flagstaff, AZ, United States of America – sequence: 6 givenname: David S orcidid: 0000-0003-4207-3518 surname: Pilliod fullname: Pilliod, David S organization: U.S. Geological Survey-Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, United States of America – sequence: 7 givenname: Robert S orcidid: 0000-0003-3021-1389 surname: Arkle fullname: Arkle, Robert S organization: U.S. Geological Survey-Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, Boise, ID, United States of America – sequence: 8 givenname: Robert K orcidid: 0000-0002-4590-4834 surname: Shriver fullname: Shriver, Robert K organization: Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States of America |
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| Title | Small-scale water deficits after wildfires create long-lasting ecological impacts |
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