The Influence of Control on Belief in Conspiracy Theories: Conceptual and Applied Extensions
Summary Threats to control have been found to increase belief in conspiracy theories. We argue, however, that previous research observing this effect was limited in two ways. First, previous research did not exclude the possibility that affirming control might reduce conspiracy beliefs. Second, beca...
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| Vydáno v: | Applied cognitive psychology Ročník 29; číslo 5; s. 753 - 761 |
|---|---|
| Hlavní autoři: | , |
| Médium: | Journal Article |
| Jazyk: | angličtina |
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Bognor Regis
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.09.2015
Wiley Subscription Services, Inc |
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| ISSN: | 0888-4080, 1099-0720 |
| On-line přístup: | Získat plný text |
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| Abstract | Summary
Threats to control have been found to increase belief in conspiracy theories. We argue, however, that previous research observing this effect was limited in two ways. First, previous research did not exclude the possibility that affirming control might reduce conspiracy beliefs. Second, because of artificial lab procedures, previous findings provide little information about the external validity of the control threat–conspiracy belief relationship. In Study 1, we address the first limitation and find that affirming control indeed reduces belief in conspiracy theories as compared with a neutral baseline condition. In Study 2, we address the second limitation of the literature. In a large‐scale US sample, we find that a societal threat to control, that citizens actually experienced, predicts belief in a range of common conspiracy theories. Taken together, these findings increase insight in the fundamental relationship between the human need for control and the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
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| AbstractList | Threats to control have been found to increase belief in conspiracy theories. We argue, however, that previous research observing this effect was limited in two ways. First, previous research did not exclude the possibility that affirming control might
reduce
conspiracy beliefs. Second, because of artificial lab procedures, previous findings provide little information about the external validity of the control threat–conspiracy belief relationship. In Study 1, we address the first limitation and find that affirming control indeed reduces belief in conspiracy theories as compared with a neutral baseline condition. In Study 2, we address the second limitation of the literature. In a large‐scale US sample, we find that a societal threat to control, that citizens actually experienced, predicts belief in a range of common conspiracy theories. Taken together, these findings increase insight in the fundamental relationship between the human need for control and the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Summary Threats to control have been found to increase belief in conspiracy theories. We argue, however, that previous research observing this effect was limited in two ways. First, previous research did not exclude the possibility that affirming control might reduce conspiracy beliefs. Second, because of artificial lab procedures, previous findings provide little information about the external validity of the control threat–conspiracy belief relationship. In Study 1, we address the first limitation and find that affirming control indeed reduces belief in conspiracy theories as compared with a neutral baseline condition. In Study 2, we address the second limitation of the literature. In a large‐scale US sample, we find that a societal threat to control, that citizens actually experienced, predicts belief in a range of common conspiracy theories. Taken together, these findings increase insight in the fundamental relationship between the human need for control and the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Threats to control have been found to increase belief in conspiracy theories. We argue, however, that previous research observing this effect was limited in two ways. First, previous research did not exclude the possibility that affirming control might reduce conspiracy beliefs. Second, because of artificial lab procedures, previous findings provide little information about the external validity of the control threat-conspiracy belief relationship. In Study 1, we address the first limitation and find that affirming control indeed reduces belief in conspiracy theories as compared with a neutral baseline condition. In Study 2, we address the second limitation of the literature. In a large-scale US sample, we find that a societal threat to control, that citizens actually experienced, predicts belief in a range of common conspiracy theories. Taken together, these findings increase insight in the fundamental relationship between the human need for control and the tendency to believe in conspiracy theories. |
| Author | Acker, Michele van Prooijen, Jan-Willem |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Jan-Willem surname: van Prooijen fullname: van Prooijen, Jan-Willem email: Correspondence to: Jan-Willem van Prooijen, Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT Amsterdam, the Netherlands., j.w.van.prooijen@vu.nl organization: Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement; and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands – sequence: 2 givenname: Michele surname: Acker fullname: Acker, Michele organization: Otterbein University, Westerville, USA |
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Belief in U.S. government conspiracies against blacks among black and white college students: Powerlessness or system blame? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25, 941-953 Rothschild, Z. K., Landau, M. J., Sullivan, D., & Keefer, L. A. (2012). A dual-motive model of the motives underlying scapegoating: Displacing blame to reduce guilt or increase control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1148-1163. 2010; 33 1968; 9 2010; 98 2015; 6 1979; 37 2012; 102 2013; 27 2009; 20 2013; 22 2011 2013; 43 2006; 10 2013; 24 1999; 25 1997; 23 1997 1996 2005; 86 2008; 322 2014; 174 2014; 105 2011; 102 2012; 3 2010; 24 1990; 26 2002; 64 1986; 22 2010; 136 2015; 41 2011; 51 2011; 50 1987 2005; 32 1994; 15 1998; 2 2014 2007; 41 1980 2014; 143 1983; 48 2014; 55 2009; 18 1966 2009; 17 e_1_2_7_5_1 e_1_2_7_3_1 e_1_2_7_9_1 e_1_2_7_19_1 e_1_2_7_17_1 Davis J. A. 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| References_xml | – reference: Folger, R., & Martin, C. (1986). Relative deprivation and referent cognitions: Distributive and procedural justice effects. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 531-546. – reference: Simmons, W. P., & Parsons, S. (2005). Beliefs in conspiracy theories among African Americans: A comparison of elites and masses. Social Science Quarterly, 86, 582-598. – reference: Wood, M. J., Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2012). Dead and alive: Beliefs in contradictory conspiracy theories. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 3, 767-773. – reference: Kramer, R. M. (1998). Paranoid cognition in social systems: Thinking and acting in the shadow of doubt. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 2, 251-275. – reference: Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1983). Paranoia and the structure of powerlessness. American Sociological Review, 48, 228-239. – reference: Van Harreveld, F., Rutjens, B. T., Schneider, I. K., Nohlen, H. U., & Keskinis, K (2014). 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Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10, 88-110. – reference: Swami, V., Pietschnig, J., Tran, U. S., Nader, I. W., Stieger, S., & Voracek, M. (2013). Lunar lies: The impact of informational framing and individual differences in shaping conspiracist beliefs about the moon landings. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 27, 71-80. – reference: McCauley, C., & Jacques, S. (1979). The popularity of conspiracy theories of presidential assassination: A Bayesian analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 637-644. – reference: McGraw, K. M., Lodge, M., & Jones, J. M. (2002). The pandering politicians of suspicious minds. Journal of Politics, 64, 362-383. – reference: Van Prooijen, J.-W., & Van Dijk, E. (2014). When consequence size predicts belief in conspiracy theories: The moderating role of perspective taking. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55, 63-73. – reference: Brockner, J., DeWitt, R.L, Grover, S., & Reed, T. (1990). 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Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 485-497. – reference: Thorburn, S., & Bogart, L. M. (2005). Conspiracy beliefs about birth control: Barriers to pregnancy prevention among African Americans of reproductive age. Health Education & Behavior, 32, 474-487. – reference: Sunstein, C. R., & Vermeule, A. (2009). Conspiracy theories: Causes and cures. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 17, 202-227. – reference: Swami, V., Chamorro-Premuzic, T., & Furnham, A. (2010). Unanswered questions: A preliminary investigation of personality and individual difference predictors of 9/11 conspiracist beliefs. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24, 749-761. – reference: Sullivan, D., Landau, M. J., & Rothschild, Z. K. (2010). An existential function of enemyship: Evidence that people attribute influence to personal and political enemies to compensate for threats to control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 434-449. – reference: Douglas, K. M., & Sutton, R. M. (2011). 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Threats to control have been found to increase belief in conspiracy theories. We argue, however, that previous research observing this effect was... Threats to control have been found to increase belief in conspiracy theories. We argue, however, that previous research observing this effect was limited in... |
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| SubjectTerms | Belief & doubt Beliefs Conspiracy Information control Information processing Information science Theory Threats |
| Title | The Influence of Control on Belief in Conspiracy Theories: Conceptual and Applied Extensions |
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