The Effect of Face Masks during COVID-19 Pandemic on Ocular Surface Temperature—A Clinical Thermographic Analysis

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the center for disease control and prevention (CDC) recommends face-mask wearing for all people above the age of two years. The wearing of face masks creates a unique airflow towards the ocular surface which may influence the normal physiological conditions of the ocula...

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Vydané v:	Diagnostics (Basel) Ročník 12; číslo 6; s. 1431
Hlavní autori:	Kapelushnik, Noa, Benyosef, Shahar, Skaat, Alon, Abdelkader, Amir, Landau Prat, Daphna, Blum-Meirovitch, Sharon, Leshno, Ari
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Switzerland MDPI AG 10.06.2022 MDPI
Predmet:	Body temperature Cameras Cataracts Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease transmission face mask Masks ocular surface Pandemics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Software thermography United States > US Israel COVID-19 face mask thermography ocular surface
ISSN:	2075-4418, 2075-4418
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Abstract	Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the center for disease control and prevention (CDC) recommends face-mask wearing for all people above the age of two years. The wearing of face masks creates a unique airflow towards the ocular surface which may influence the normal physiological conditions of the ocular and periocular surface. Healthy subjects with no ocular history were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The Therm-App thermal imaging camera was used for ocular surface temperature (OST) measurements during inspirium and expirium. Five regions of interest (ROIs) were used to measure OST: medial conjunctive, cornea, lateral conjunctive, upper eyelid and entire orbital area. Additional measurements in the same locations were made with the upper margin of the mask taped with micropore surgical tape. Thirty-one patients were included in this study. OST during expirium was significantly higher compared to the temperature during inspirium in all locations measured (p < 0.001, paired samples t-test). The temperature of the upper eyelid was higher by more than 0.5 °C during expirium. Taping the mask’s upper edges to the skin resulted in non-significant temperature changes in inspirium vs. expirium. In conclusion, wearing a face mask creates air flow towards the periocular and ocular surface, which changes the OST mostly on the eyelids.
AbstractList	Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the center for disease control and prevention (CDC) recommends face-mask wearing for all people above the age of two years. The wearing of face masks creates a unique airflow towards the ocular surface which may influence the normal physiological conditions of the ocular and periocular surface. Healthy subjects with no ocular history were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The Therm-App thermal imaging camera was used for ocular surface temperature (OST) measurements during inspirium and expirium. Five regions of interest (ROIs) were used to measure OST: medial conjunctive, cornea, lateral conjunctive, upper eyelid and entire orbital area. Additional measurements in the same locations were made with the upper margin of the mask taped with micropore surgical tape. Thirty-one patients were included in this study. OST during expirium was significantly higher compared to the temperature during inspirium in all locations measured (p < 0.001, paired samples t-test). The temperature of the upper eyelid was higher by more than 0.5 °C during expirium. Taping the mask’s upper edges to the skin resulted in non-significant temperature changes in inspirium vs. expirium. In conclusion, wearing a face mask creates air flow towards the periocular and ocular surface, which changes the OST mostly on the eyelids. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the center for disease control and prevention (CDC) recommends face-mask wearing for all people above the age of two years. The wearing of face masks creates a unique airflow towards the ocular surface which may influence the normal physiological conditions of the ocular and periocular surface. Healthy subjects with no ocular history were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The Therm-App thermal imaging camera was used for ocular surface temperature (OST) measurements during inspirium and expirium. Five regions of interest (ROIs) were used to measure OST: medial conjunctive, cornea, lateral conjunctive, upper eyelid and entire orbital area. Additional measurements in the same locations were made with the upper margin of the mask taped with micropore surgical tape. Thirty-one patients were included in this study. OST during expirium was significantly higher compared to the temperature during inspirium in all locations measured (p < 0.001, paired samples t-test). The temperature of the upper eyelid was higher by more than 0.5 °C during expirium. Taping the mask’s upper edges to the skin resulted in non-significant temperature changes in inspirium vs. expirium. In conclusion, wearing a face mask creates air flow towards the periocular and ocular surface, which changes the OST mostly on the eyelids.Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the center for disease control and prevention (CDC) recommends face-mask wearing for all people above the age of two years. The wearing of face masks creates a unique airflow towards the ocular surface which may influence the normal physiological conditions of the ocular and periocular surface. Healthy subjects with no ocular history were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. The Therm-App thermal imaging camera was used for ocular surface temperature (OST) measurements during inspirium and expirium. Five regions of interest (ROIs) were used to measure OST: medial conjunctive, cornea, lateral conjunctive, upper eyelid and entire orbital area. Additional measurements in the same locations were made with the upper margin of the mask taped with micropore surgical tape. Thirty-one patients were included in this study. OST during expirium was significantly higher compared to the temperature during inspirium in all locations measured (p < 0.001, paired samples t-test). The temperature of the upper eyelid was higher by more than 0.5 °C during expirium. Taping the mask’s upper edges to the skin resulted in non-significant temperature changes in inspirium vs. expirium. In conclusion, wearing a face mask creates air flow towards the periocular and ocular surface, which changes the OST mostly on the eyelids.
Author	Blum-Meirovitch, Sharon Abdelkader, Amir Landau Prat, Daphna Kapelushnik, Noa Benyosef, Shahar Skaat, Alon Leshno, Ari
AuthorAffiliation	1 The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel; kapelushniknoa@gmail.com (N.K.); shaharbenyo@gmail.com (S.B.); askaat11@gmail.com (A.S.); amir.abe86@gmail.com (A.A.); daphna.landau@gmail.com (D.L.P.); sharon.blum@gmail.com (S.B.-M.) 3 The Arrow Project for Junior Investigators, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel 4 Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 4 Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel – name: 1 The Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel; kapelushniknoa@gmail.com (N.K.); shaharbenyo@gmail.com (S.B.); askaat11@gmail.com (A.S.); amir.abe86@gmail.com (A.A.); daphna.landau@gmail.com (D.L.P.); sharon.blum@gmail.com (S.B.-M.) – name: 2 Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel – name: 3 The Arrow Project for Junior Investigators, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Noa orcidid: 0000-0002-9264-764X surname: Kapelushnik fullname: Kapelushnik, Noa – sequence: 2 givenname: Shahar surname: Benyosef fullname: Benyosef, Shahar – sequence: 3 givenname: Alon surname: Skaat fullname: Skaat, Alon – sequence: 4 givenname: Amir surname: Abdelkader fullname: Abdelkader, Amir – sequence: 5 givenname: Daphna orcidid: 0000-0002-0910-3829 surname: Landau Prat fullname: Landau Prat, Daphna – sequence: 6 givenname: Sharon surname: Blum-Meirovitch fullname: Blum-Meirovitch, Sharon – sequence: 7 givenname: Ari orcidid: 0000-0002-8717-1659 surname: Leshno fullname: Leshno, Ari
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CitedBy_id	crossref_primary_10_1038_s41433_023_02847_8 crossref_primary_10_3390_diagnostics13091524 crossref_primary_10_2147_OPTH_S395877 crossref_primary_10_1097_ICL_0000000000001122 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jtos_2022_12_006 crossref_primary_10_3390_jcm12237479
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SubjectTerms	Body temperature Cameras Cataracts Coronaviruses COVID-19 Disease transmission face mask Masks ocular surface Pandemics Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Software thermography
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Title	The Effect of Face Masks during COVID-19 Pandemic on Ocular Surface Temperature—A Clinical Thermographic Analysis
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