Numerical analysis of the effect of vegetation root reinforcement on the rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes

Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective measure to enhance slope stability through mechanical reinforcement by roots and hydrological regulation of soil moisture. The influence of vegetation...

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Published in:	Scientific reports Vol. 15; no. 1; pp. 23233 - 17
Main Authors:	Kong, Kunfeng, Deng, Zixuan, Chen, Feng, Wang, Zheng, Chen, Yiling
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 02.07.2025 Nature Publishing Group Nature Portfolio
Subjects:	639/166/986 704/2151/213 704/4111 Failure Humanities and Social Sciences Hydrology Landslides & mudslides Loess Loess slopes Mechanical properties multidisciplinary Numerical analysis Numerical simulation Permeability Pore water Pressure distribution Rainfall Rainfall infiltration Reinforcement of vegetation Rooting Roots Science Science (multidisciplinary) Shear strength Shear tests Slope stability Soil erosion Soil moisture Stability analysis Tensile strength Vegetation Vegetation effects Water Water pressure Numerical simulation Rainfall infiltration Stability analysis Reinforcement of vegetation Loess slopes
ISSN:	2045-2322, 2045-2322
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Abstract	Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective measure to enhance slope stability through mechanical reinforcement by roots and hydrological regulation of soil moisture. The influence of vegetation root system characteristics, including root tensile strength and rooting depth, on the stability of loess slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration is investigated using a finite element model developed in COMSOL®, which couples seepage and mechanical behavior. Rainfall infiltration, pore water pressure evolution, and progressive slope failure are simulated to analyze the stability response. Varying levels of additional cohesion provided by roots and different rooting depths are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that stronger root systems and deeper rooting depths significantly enhance slope stability by increasing the factor of safety, delaying plastic zone development, and reducing displacement. The reinforcement effect becomes more pronounced on steeper slopes, while its marginal contribution diminishes with increasing root depth beyond a certain threshold. These findings provide insights into the role of vegetation in mitigating rainfall-induced slope failures and provide practical guidance for the selection and application of vegetation in ecological slope stabilization projects.
AbstractList	Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective measure to enhance slope stability through mechanical reinforcement by roots and hydrological regulation of soil moisture. The influence of vegetation root system characteristics, including root tensile strength and rooting depth, on the stability of loess slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration is investigated using a finite element model developed in COMSOL®, which couples seepage and mechanical behavior. Rainfall infiltration, pore water pressure evolution, and progressive slope failure are simulated to analyze the stability response. Varying levels of additional cohesion provided by roots and different rooting depths are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that stronger root systems and deeper rooting depths significantly enhance slope stability by increasing the factor of safety, delaying plastic zone development, and reducing displacement. The reinforcement effect becomes more pronounced on steeper slopes, while its marginal contribution diminishes with increasing root depth beyond a certain threshold. These findings provide insights into the role of vegetation in mitigating rainfall-induced slope failures and provide practical guidance for the selection and application of vegetation in ecological slope stabilization projects. Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective measure to enhance slope stability through mechanical reinforcement by roots and hydrological regulation of soil moisture. The influence of vegetation root system characteristics, including root tensile strength and rooting depth, on the stability of loess slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration is investigated using a finite element model developed in COMSOL®, which couples seepage and mechanical behavior. Rainfall infiltration, pore water pressure evolution, and progressive slope failure are simulated to analyze the stability response. Varying levels of additional cohesion provided by roots and different rooting depths are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that stronger root systems and deeper rooting depths significantly enhance slope stability by increasing the factor of safety, delaying plastic zone development, and reducing displacement. The reinforcement effect becomes more pronounced on steeper slopes, while its marginal contribution diminishes with increasing root depth beyond a certain threshold. These findings provide insights into the role of vegetation in mitigating rainfall-induced slope failures and provide practical guidance for the selection and application of vegetation in ecological slope stabilization projects.Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective measure to enhance slope stability through mechanical reinforcement by roots and hydrological regulation of soil moisture. The influence of vegetation root system characteristics, including root tensile strength and rooting depth, on the stability of loess slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration is investigated using a finite element model developed in COMSOL®, which couples seepage and mechanical behavior. Rainfall infiltration, pore water pressure evolution, and progressive slope failure are simulated to analyze the stability response. Varying levels of additional cohesion provided by roots and different rooting depths are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that stronger root systems and deeper rooting depths significantly enhance slope stability by increasing the factor of safety, delaying plastic zone development, and reducing displacement. The reinforcement effect becomes more pronounced on steeper slopes, while its marginal contribution diminishes with increasing root depth beyond a certain threshold. These findings provide insights into the role of vegetation in mitigating rainfall-induced slope failures and provide practical guidance for the selection and application of vegetation in ecological slope stabilization projects. Abstract Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective measure to enhance slope stability through mechanical reinforcement by roots and hydrological regulation of soil moisture. The influence of vegetation root system characteristics, including root tensile strength and rooting depth, on the stability of loess slopes subjected to rainfall infiltration is investigated using a finite element model developed in COMSOL®, which couples seepage and mechanical behavior. Rainfall infiltration, pore water pressure evolution, and progressive slope failure are simulated to analyze the stability response. Varying levels of additional cohesion provided by roots and different rooting depths are systematically evaluated. The results indicate that stronger root systems and deeper rooting depths significantly enhance slope stability by increasing the factor of safety, delaying plastic zone development, and reducing displacement. The reinforcement effect becomes more pronounced on steeper slopes, while its marginal contribution diminishes with increasing root depth beyond a certain threshold. These findings provide insights into the role of vegetation in mitigating rainfall-induced slope failures and provide practical guidance for the selection and application of vegetation in ecological slope stabilization projects.
ArticleNumber	23233
Author	Kong, Kunfeng Chen, Feng Chen, Yiling Wang, Zheng Deng, Zixuan
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Kunfeng surname: Kong fullname: Kong, Kunfeng organization: Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences, State Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Track System, China Academy of Railway Sciences – sequence: 2 givenname: Zixuan surname: Deng fullname: Deng, Zixuan email: dengzx@csu.edu.cn organization: School of Civil Engineering, Central South University – sequence: 3 givenname: Feng surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Feng organization: Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences, State Key Laboratory of High-Speed Railway Track System, China Academy of Railway Sciences – sequence: 4 givenname: Zheng surname: Wang fullname: Wang, Zheng organization: School of Civil Engineering, Central South University – sequence: 5 givenname: Yiling surname: Chen fullname: Chen, Yiling organization: School of Civil Engineering, Central South University
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Cites_doi	10.1016/j.compgeo.2024.106714 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.04.034 10.1029/2008JD010687 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400050002x 10.1016/J.CATENA.2024.108458 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.02.026 10.1007/s10064-024-03984-4 10.1016/j.trgeo.2018.11.005 10.1016/j.catena.2024.108459 10.1080/09715010.2014.981955 10.1007/s40333-014-0004-x 10.1007/s11104-005-0605-4 10.1680/jgeot.16.P.176 10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103328 10.1007/s10064-023-03504-w 10.1016/j.jrmge.2023.09.032 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.11.005 10.1002/esp.325 10.1007/s11440-021-01169-x 10.1016/j.compgeo.2022.104937 10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.103335 10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106411 10.1063/5.0245155 10.1016/j.aej.2024.06.045 10.1016/j.soildyn.2024.108556 10.1016/0022-1694(76)90017-2 10.1016/J.CATENA.2024.108018 10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103912 10.13870/j.cnki.stbcxb.2022.02.013 10.1007/S10064-023-03413-Y 10.1139/t79-003 10.3390/w16010124
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Keywords	Numerical simulation Rainfall infiltration Stability analysis Reinforcement of vegetation Loess slopes
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Snippet	Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective measure... Abstract Rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes presents significant threats to infrastructure and ecological systems. Vegetation serves as an effective...
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StartPage	23233
SubjectTerms	639/166/986 704/2151/213 704/4111 Failure Humanities and Social Sciences Hydrology Landslides & mudslides Loess Loess slopes Mechanical properties multidisciplinary Numerical analysis Numerical simulation Permeability Pore water Pressure distribution Rainfall Rainfall infiltration Reinforcement of vegetation Rooting Roots Science Science (multidisciplinary) Shear strength Shear tests Slope stability Soil erosion Soil moisture Stability analysis Tensile strength Vegetation Vegetation effects Water Water pressure
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Title	Numerical analysis of the effect of vegetation root reinforcement on the rainfall-induced instability of loess slopes
URI	https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s41598-025-06400-3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40603477 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3226589248 https://www.proquest.com/docview/3226716451 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC12223066 https://doaj.org/article/23a58316911e4ff299f17f95900e00e4
Volume	15
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