In vitro permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin

•Platinum permeated through intact African skin.•Significantly higher platinum permeation through African skin.•Retention of platinum in the skin is significantly higher in African skin.•Retention of platinum in the skin could contribute to dermal symptoms.•Increased permeation through African skin...

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Vydané v:	Toxicology letters Ročník 232; číslo 3; s. 566 - 572
Hlavní autori:	Franken, A., Eloff, F.C., du Plessis, J., Badenhorst, C.J., Du Plessis, J.L.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Netherlands Elsevier Ireland Ltd 03.02.2015
Predmet:	Adult African Continental Ancestry Group European Continental Ancestry Group Female Females Franz diffusion cells Humans In vitro testing Joining Middle Aged Penetration Permeability Permeation Platinum Platinum - pharmacokinetics Platinum group metals (PGMs) Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Racial differences Risk Skin - drug effects Skin Absorption Skin penetration Spectrometry Spectroscopy Time Factors Skin penetration Franz diffusion cells Racial differences Platinum group metals (PGMs) Potassium tetrachloroplatinate
ISSN:	0378-4274, 1879-3169, 1879-3169
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Abstract	•Platinum permeated through intact African skin.•Significantly higher platinum permeation through African skin.•Retention of platinum in the skin is significantly higher in African skin.•Retention of platinum in the skin could contribute to dermal symptoms.•Increased permeation through African skin is contradictory to limited literature. The majority of the South African workforce are Africans, therefore potential racial differences should be considered in risk and exposure assessments in the workplace. Literature suggests African skin to be a superior barrier against permeation and irritants. Previous in vitro studies on metals only included skin from Caucasian donors, whereas this study compared the permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K2PtCl4) dissolved in synthetic sweat was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. Skin from three female African and three female Caucasian donors were included (n=21). The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Skin was digested and analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Significantly higher permeation of platinum through intact African skin (p=0.044), as well as a significantly higher mass of platinum retention in African skin in comparison with Caucasian skin (p=0.002) occurred. Significant inter-donor variation was found in both racial groups (p<0.02). Results indicate that African workers have increased risk of dermal permeation and therefore possible sensitisation caused by dermal exposure to platinum salts. These results are contradictory to limited literature suggesting a superior barrier in African skin and further investigation is necessary to explain the higher permeation through African skin.
AbstractList	The majority of the South African workforce are Africans, therefore potential racial differences should be considered in risk and exposure assessments in the workplace. Literature suggests African skin to be a superior barrier against permeation and irritants. Previous in vitro studies on metals only included skin from Caucasian donors, whereas this study compared the permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3 mg/ml of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K₂PtCl₄) dissolved in synthetic sweat was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. Skin from three female African and three female Caucasian donors were included (n=21). The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24 h experiment, and analysed with high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Skin was digested and analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Significantly higher permeation of platinum through intact African skin (p=0.044), as well as a significantly higher mass of platinum retention in African skin in comparison with Caucasian skin (p=0.002) occurred. Significant inter-donor variation was found in both racial groups (p<0.02). Results indicate that African workers have increased risk of dermal permeation and therefore possible sensitisation caused by dermal exposure to platinum salts. These results are contradictory to limited literature suggesting a superior barrier in African skin and further investigation is necessary to explain the higher permeation through African skin. •Platinum permeated through intact African skin.•Significantly higher platinum permeation through African skin.•Retention of platinum in the skin is significantly higher in African skin.•Retention of platinum in the skin could contribute to dermal symptoms.•Increased permeation through African skin is contradictory to limited literature. The majority of the South African workforce are Africans, therefore potential racial differences should be considered in risk and exposure assessments in the workplace. Literature suggests African skin to be a superior barrier against permeation and irritants. Previous in vitro studies on metals only included skin from Caucasian donors, whereas this study compared the permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K2PtCl4) dissolved in synthetic sweat was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. Skin from three female African and three female Caucasian donors were included (n=21). The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Skin was digested and analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Significantly higher permeation of platinum through intact African skin (p=0.044), as well as a significantly higher mass of platinum retention in African skin in comparison with Caucasian skin (p=0.002) occurred. Significant inter-donor variation was found in both racial groups (p<0.02). Results indicate that African workers have increased risk of dermal permeation and therefore possible sensitisation caused by dermal exposure to platinum salts. These results are contradictory to limited literature suggesting a superior barrier in African skin and further investigation is necessary to explain the higher permeation through African skin. The majority of the South African workforce are Africans, therefore potential racial differences should be considered in risk and exposure assessments in the workplace. Literature suggests African skin to be a superior barrier against permeation and irritants. Previous in vitro studies on metals only included skin from Caucasian donors, whereas this study compared the permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3 mg/ml of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K₂PtCl₄) dissolved in synthetic sweat was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. Skin from three female African and three female Caucasian donors were included (n=21). The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24 h experiment, and analysed with high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Skin was digested and analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Significantly higher permeation of platinum through intact African skin (p=0.044), as well as a significantly higher mass of platinum retention in African skin in comparison with Caucasian skin (p=0.002) occurred. Significant inter-donor variation was found in both racial groups (p<0.02). Results indicate that African workers have increased risk of dermal permeation and therefore possible sensitisation caused by dermal exposure to platinum salts. These results are contradictory to limited literature suggesting a superior barrier in African skin and further investigation is necessary to explain the higher permeation through African skin.The majority of the South African workforce are Africans, therefore potential racial differences should be considered in risk and exposure assessments in the workplace. Literature suggests African skin to be a superior barrier against permeation and irritants. Previous in vitro studies on metals only included skin from Caucasian donors, whereas this study compared the permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3 mg/ml of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K₂PtCl₄) dissolved in synthetic sweat was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. Skin from three female African and three female Caucasian donors were included (n=21). The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24 h experiment, and analysed with high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Skin was digested and analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Significantly higher permeation of platinum through intact African skin (p=0.044), as well as a significantly higher mass of platinum retention in African skin in comparison with Caucasian skin (p=0.002) occurred. Significant inter-donor variation was found in both racial groups (p<0.02). Results indicate that African workers have increased risk of dermal permeation and therefore possible sensitisation caused by dermal exposure to platinum salts. These results are contradictory to limited literature suggesting a superior barrier in African skin and further investigation is necessary to explain the higher permeation through African skin. The majority of the South African workforce are Africans, therefore potential racial differences should be considered in risk and exposure assessments in the workplace. Literature suggests African skin to be a superior barrier against permeation and irritants. Previous in vitro studies on metals only included skin from Caucasian donors, whereas this study compared the permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin. A donor solution of 0.3mg/ml of potassium tetrachloroplatinate (K2PtCl4) dissolved in synthetic sweat was applied to the vertical Franz diffusion cells with full thickness abdominal skin. Skin from three female African and three female Caucasian donors were included (n =21). The receptor solution was removed at various intervals during the 24h experiment, and analysed with high resolution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Skin was digested and analysed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Significantly higher permeation of platinum through intact African skin (p =0.044), as well as a significantly higher mass of platinum retention in African skin in comparison with Caucasian skin (p =0.002) occurred. Significant inter-donor variation was found in both racial groups (p <0.02). Results indicate that African workers have increased risk of dermal permeation and therefore possible sensitisation caused by dermal exposure to platinum salts. These results are contradictory to limited literature suggesting a superior barrier in African skin and further investigation is necessary to explain the higher permeation through African skin.
Author	Badenhorst, C.J. Du Plessis, J.L. du Plessis, J. Eloff, F.C. Franken, A.
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Keywords	Skin penetration Franz diffusion cells Racial differences Platinum group metals (PGMs) Potassium tetrachloroplatinate
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Snippet	•Platinum permeated through intact African skin.•Significantly higher platinum permeation through African skin.•Retention of platinum in the skin is... The majority of the South African workforce are Africans, therefore potential racial differences should be considered in risk and exposure assessments in the...
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SubjectTerms	Adult African Continental Ancestry Group European Continental Ancestry Group Female Females Franz diffusion cells Humans In vitro testing Joining Middle Aged Penetration Permeability Permeation Platinum Platinum - pharmacokinetics Platinum group metals (PGMs) Potassium tetrachloroplatinate Racial differences Risk Skin - drug effects Skin Absorption Skin penetration Spectrometry Spectroscopy Time Factors
Title	In vitro permeation of platinum through African and Caucasian skin
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