Lipid profile is associated with the incidence of cognitive dysfunction in viral cirrhotic patients: A data-mining analysis

Aim:  Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision‐...

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Vydáno v:Hepatology research Ročník 43; číslo 4; s. 418 - 424
Hlavní autoři: Taniguchi, Eitaro, Kawaguchi, Takumi, Sakata, Masahiro, Itou, Minoru, Oriishi, Tetsuharu, Sata, Michio
Médium: Journal Article
Jazyk:angličtina
Vydáno: Melbourne, Australia Blackwell Publishing Asia 01.04.2013
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ISSN:1386-6346, 1872-034X
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Abstract Aim:  Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision‐tree algorithm. Methods:  In this study, 27 viral cirrhotic patients were enrolled. All subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests; two or more abnormal results were defined as CD. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate stepwise analysis. A decision‐tree algorithm was constructed, and the categorical differences based on the decision‐tree model were analyzed by χ2‐tests. Results:  Multivariate stepwise analysis showed the levels of total bilirubin, triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) as independent bioparameters associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. The decision‐tree algorithm showed that among patients with FFA of 514 mEq/L or more, 77.8% had CD. Meanwhile, among patients with FFA of less than 514 mEq/L and triglycerides of 106 mg/dL or more, 20.0% had CD. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the incidence of CD using the lipid profile (FFA >514 mEq/L or triglycerides <106 mg/dL) were 85.7% (12/14), 61.5% (8/13) and 74.1% (20/27), respectively. Conclusion:  The levels of total bilirubin, FFA and triglycerides are independently associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. In addition, a decision‐tree algorithm revealed that FFA of more than 514 mEq/L or triglycerides of less than 106 mg/dL is a profile associated with the incidence of CD. Thus, this lipid profile could be a possible screening bioparameter for CD in cirrhotic patients.
AbstractList Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision-tree algorithm.AIM  Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision-tree algorithm.  In this study, 27 viral cirrhotic patients were enrolled. All subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests; two or more abnormal results were defined as CD. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate stepwise analysis. A decision-tree algorithm was constructed, and the categorical differences based on the decision-tree model were analyzed by χ(2) -tests.METHODS  In this study, 27 viral cirrhotic patients were enrolled. All subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests; two or more abnormal results were defined as CD. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate stepwise analysis. A decision-tree algorithm was constructed, and the categorical differences based on the decision-tree model were analyzed by χ(2) -tests.  Multivariate stepwise analysis showed the levels of total bilirubin, triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) as independent bioparameters associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. The decision-tree algorithm showed that among patients with FFA of 514 mEq/L or more, 77.8% had CD. Meanwhile, among patients with FFA of less than 514 mEq/L and triglycerides of 106 mg/dL or more, 20.0% had CD. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the incidence of CD using the lipid profile (FFA >514 mEq/L or triglycerides <106 mg/dL) were 85.7% (12/14), 61.5% (8/13) and 74.1% (20/27), respectively.RESULTS  Multivariate stepwise analysis showed the levels of total bilirubin, triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) as independent bioparameters associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. The decision-tree algorithm showed that among patients with FFA of 514 mEq/L or more, 77.8% had CD. Meanwhile, among patients with FFA of less than 514 mEq/L and triglycerides of 106 mg/dL or more, 20.0% had CD. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the incidence of CD using the lipid profile (FFA >514 mEq/L or triglycerides <106 mg/dL) were 85.7% (12/14), 61.5% (8/13) and 74.1% (20/27), respectively.  The levels of total bilirubin, FFA and triglycerides are independently associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. In addition, a decision-tree algorithm revealed that FFA of more than 514 mEq/L or triglycerides of less than 106 mg/dL is a profile associated with the incidence of CD. Thus, this lipid profile could be a possible screening bioparameter for CD in cirrhotic patients.CONCLUSION  The levels of total bilirubin, FFA and triglycerides are independently associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. In addition, a decision-tree algorithm revealed that FFA of more than 514 mEq/L or triglycerides of less than 106 mg/dL is a profile associated with the incidence of CD. Thus, this lipid profile could be a possible screening bioparameter for CD in cirrhotic patients.
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision-tree algorithm.   In this study, 27 viral cirrhotic patients were enrolled. All subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests; two or more abnormal results were defined as CD. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate stepwise analysis. A decision-tree algorithm was constructed, and the categorical differences based on the decision-tree model were analyzed by χ(2) -tests.   Multivariate stepwise analysis showed the levels of total bilirubin, triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) as independent bioparameters associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. The decision-tree algorithm showed that among patients with FFA of 514 mEq/L or more, 77.8% had CD. Meanwhile, among patients with FFA of less than 514 mEq/L and triglycerides of 106 mg/dL or more, 20.0% had CD. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the incidence of CD using the lipid profile (FFA >514 mEq/L or triglycerides <106 mg/dL) were 85.7% (12/14), 61.5% (8/13) and 74.1% (20/27), respectively.   The levels of total bilirubin, FFA and triglycerides are independently associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. In addition, a decision-tree algorithm revealed that FFA of more than 514 mEq/L or triglycerides of less than 106 mg/dL is a profile associated with the incidence of CD. Thus, this lipid profile could be a possible screening bioparameter for CD in cirrhotic patients.
Aim: Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision-tree algorithm. Methods: In this study, 27 viral cirrhotic patients were enrolled. All subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests; two or more abnormal results were defined as CD. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate stepwise analysis. A decision-tree algorithm was constructed, and the categorical differences based on the decision-tree model were analyzed by chi 2-tests. Results: Multivariate stepwise analysis showed the levels of total bilirubin, triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) as independent bioparameters associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. The decision-tree algorithm showed that among patients with FFA of 514mEq/L or more, 77.8% had CD. Meanwhile, among patients with FFA of less than 514mEq/L and triglycerides of 106mg/dL or more, 20.0% had CD. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the incidence of CD using the lipid profile (FFA >514mEq/L or triglycerides <106mg/dL) were 85.7% (12/14), 61.5% (8/13) and 74.1% (20/27), respectively. Conclusion: The levels of total bilirubin, FFA and triglycerides are independently associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. In addition, a decision-tree algorithm revealed that FFA of more than 514mEq/L or triglycerides of less than 106mg/dL is a profile associated with the incidence of CD. Thus, this lipid profile could be a possible screening bioparameter for CD in cirrhotic patients.
Aim:  Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision‐tree algorithm. Methods:  In this study, 27 viral cirrhotic patients were enrolled. All subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests; two or more abnormal results were defined as CD. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate stepwise analysis. A decision‐tree algorithm was constructed, and the categorical differences based on the decision‐tree model were analyzed by χ 2 ‐tests. Results:  Multivariate stepwise analysis showed the levels of total bilirubin, triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) as independent bioparameters associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. The decision‐tree algorithm showed that among patients with FFA of 514 mEq/L or more, 77.8% had CD. Meanwhile, among patients with FFA of less than 514 mEq/L and triglycerides of 106 mg/dL or more, 20.0% had CD. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the incidence of CD using the lipid profile (FFA >514 mEq/L or triglycerides <106 mg/dL) were 85.7% (12/14), 61.5% (8/13) and 74.1% (20/27), respectively. Conclusion:  The levels of total bilirubin, FFA and triglycerides are independently associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. In addition, a decision‐tree algorithm revealed that FFA of more than 514 mEq/L or triglycerides of less than 106 mg/dL is a profile associated with the incidence of CD. Thus, this lipid profile could be a possible screening bioparameter for CD in cirrhotic patients.
Aim:  Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated the biochemical profiles associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients by using multivariate analyses, including a decision‐tree algorithm. Methods:  In this study, 27 viral cirrhotic patients were enrolled. All subjects underwent neuropsychiatric tests; two or more abnormal results were defined as CD. A logistic regression model was used for multivariate stepwise analysis. A decision‐tree algorithm was constructed, and the categorical differences based on the decision‐tree model were analyzed by χ2‐tests. Results:  Multivariate stepwise analysis showed the levels of total bilirubin, triglycerides and free fatty acids (FFA) as independent bioparameters associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. The decision‐tree algorithm showed that among patients with FFA of 514 mEq/L or more, 77.8% had CD. Meanwhile, among patients with FFA of less than 514 mEq/L and triglycerides of 106 mg/dL or more, 20.0% had CD. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the incidence of CD using the lipid profile (FFA >514 mEq/L or triglycerides <106 mg/dL) were 85.7% (12/14), 61.5% (8/13) and 74.1% (20/27), respectively. Conclusion:  The levels of total bilirubin, FFA and triglycerides are independently associated with the incidence of CD in cirrhotic patients. In addition, a decision‐tree algorithm revealed that FFA of more than 514 mEq/L or triglycerides of less than 106 mg/dL is a profile associated with the incidence of CD. Thus, this lipid profile could be a possible screening bioparameter for CD in cirrhotic patients.
Author Kawaguchi, Takumi
Taniguchi, Eitaro
Oriishi, Tetsuharu
Sata, Michio
Sakata, Masahiro
Itou, Minoru
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  surname: Kawaguchi
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This study was supported, in part, by a Grant‐in‐Aid for Young Scientists (B) (no. 22790874 to T. K.) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan, and by Health and Labor Sciences Research Grants for Research on Hepatitis from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
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Bajaj JS, Ananthakrishnan AN, McGinley EL, Hoffmann RG, Brasel KJ. Deleterious effect of cirrhosis on outcomes after motor vehicle crashes using the nationwide inpatient sample. Am J Gastroenterol 2008; 103: 1674-81.
Soltys BJ, Hsia C. Human serum albumin. I. On the relationship of fatty acid and bilirubin binding sites and the nature of fatty acid allosteric effects-a monoanionic spin label study. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 3023-8.
Lee A, Joynt GM, Ho AM, Keitz S, McGinn T, Wyer PC. Tips for teachers of evidence-based medicine: making sense of decision analysis using a decision tree. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24: 642-8.
Bajaj JS. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy matters in daily life. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 3609-15.
Kato A, Watanabe Y, Sawara K, Suzuki K. Diagnosis of sub-clinical hepatic encephalopathy by Neuropsychological Tests (NP-tests). Hepatol Res 2008; 38: S122-S7.
Ono J, Hutson DG, Dombro RS, Levi JU, Livingstone A, Zeppa R. Tryptophan and hepatic coma. Gastroenterology 1978; 74: 196-200.
Bach AC, Babayan VK. Medium-chain triglycerides: an update. Am J Clin Nutr 1982; 36: 950-62.
Fernstrom JD, Fernstrom MH. Exercise, serum free tryptophan, and central fatigue. J Nutr 2006; 136: 553S-9S.
Bajaj JS, Heuman DM, Wade JB et al. Rifaximin improves driving simulator performance in a randomized trial of patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 2011; 140: 478-87. e1.
Otsuka M, Uchida Y, Kawaguchi T et al. Fish to meat intake ratio and cooking oils are associated with hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels. Hepatol Res 2012; in press.
Wein C, Koch H, Popp B, Oehler G, Schauder P. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy impairs fitness to drive. Hepatology 2004; 39: 739-45.
Blei AT, Cordoba J. Subclinical encephalopathy. Dig Dis 1996; 14 (Suppl 1): 2-11.
Sidhu SS, Goyal O, Mishra BP, Sood A, Chhina RS, Soni RK. Rifaximin improves psychometric performance and health-related quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (the RIME Trial). Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 307-16.
Bao ZJ, Qiu DK, Ma X et al. Assessment of health-related quality of life in Chinese patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13: 3003-8.
Kawaguchi T, Sakisaka S, Sata M, Mori M, Tanikawa K. Different lobular distributions of altered hepatocyte tight junctions in rat models of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 1999; 29: 205-16.
Nakayama N, Oketani M, Kawamura Y et al. Algorithm to determine the outcome of patients with acute liver failure: a data-mining analysis using decision trees. J Gastroenterol 2012; 47: 644-77.
Kachaamy T, Bajaj JS. Diet and cognition in chronic liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27: 174-9.
Amodio P, Campagna F, Olianas S et al. Detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: normalization and optimization of the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score. A neuropsychological and quantified EEG study. J Hepatol 2008; 49: 346-53.
Randolph C, Hilsabeck R, Kato A et al. Neuropsychological assessment of hepatic encephalopathy: ISHEN practice guidelines. Liver Int 2009; 29: 629-35.
Ortiz M, Jacas C, Cordoba J. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: diagnosis, clinical significance and recommendations. J Hepatol 2005; 42: S45-53.
Yaffe K. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline. Curr Alzheimer Res 2007; 4: 123-6.
Dhiman RK, Saraswat VA, Sharma BK et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: consensus statement of a working party of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 1029-41.
Luo M, Li L, Lu CZ, Cao WK. Clinical efficacy and safety of lactulose for minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a meta-analysis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011; 23: 1250-7.
Kurosaki M, Matsunaga K, Hirayama I et al. A predictive model of response to peginterferon ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C using classification and regression tree analysis. Hepatol Res 2010; 40: 251-60.
Reger MA, Henderson ST, Hale C et al. Effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25: 311-14.
Lantos PL, Aminoff MJ. Fine structural changes in the sural nerve of patients with acanthocytosis. Acta Neuropathol 1972; 22: 257-63.
Prasad S, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, Chawla YK, Sharma A, Agarwal R. Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007; 45: 549-59.
Michitaka K, Tokumoto Y, Uesugi K et al. Neuropsychiatric dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2008; 38: 1069-75.
Gainetdinov RR, Wetsel WC, Jones SR, Levin ED, Jaber M, Caron MG. Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science 1999; 283: 397-401.
Farr SA, Yamada KA, Butterfield DA et al. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 2628-36.
Shawcross DL, Wright G, Olde Damink SW, Jalan R. Role of ammonia and inflammation in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2007; 22: 125-38.
Bajaj JS, Hafeezullah M, Hoffmann RG, Saeian K. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a vehicle for accidents and traffic violations. Am J Gastroenterol 2007; 102: 1903-9.
Buonuomo PS, Ruggiero A, Valeriani M, Mariotti P. Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia: early neurological, hematological, and ocular manifestations in two affected twins responding to vitamin supplementation. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21: 824-7.
Butterworth RF. Hepatic encephalopathy: a central neuroinflammatory disorder? Hepatology 2011; 53: 1372-6.
Kato A, Kato M, Ishii H et al. Development of quantitative neuropsychological tests for diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis patients and establishment of diagnostic criteria-multicenter collaborative study in Japanese. Hepatol Res 2004; 30: 71-8.
Butterworth RF. Editorial: rifaximin and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 317-18.
Stewart CA, Smith GE. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 4: 677-85.
Vaisman N, Katzman H, Carmiel-Haggai M, Lusthaus M, Niv E. Breakfast improves cognitive function in cirrhotic patients with cognitive impairment. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 92: 137-40.
Haussinger D, Schliess F. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 2008; 57: 1156-65.
Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: 922-38.
Gupta A, Dhiman RK, Kumari S et al. Role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth and delayed gastrointestinal transit time in cirrhotic patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2010; 53: 849-55.
Kawaguchi T, Kakuma T, Yatsuhashi H et al. Data mining reveals complex interactions of risk factors and clinical feature profiling associated with the staging of non-hepatitis B virus/non-hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2011; 41: 564-71.
Butterworth RF. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy: new insights from neuroimaging and molecular studies. J Hepatol 2003; 39: 278-85.
Lal S, Young SN, Sourkes TL. Letter: 5-hydroxytryptamine and hepatic coma. Lancet 1975; 2: 979-80.
Soriano G, Roman E, Cordoba J et al. Cognitive dysfunction in cirrhosis is associated with falls: a prospective study. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1922-30.
Spector AA. Fatty acid binding to plasma albumin. J Lipid Res 1975; 16: 165-79.
Oida T. 1H-NMR study on the interactions of human serum albumin with free fatty acid. J Biochem 1986; 100: 1533-42.
Watanabe A, Sakai T, Sato S et al. Clinical efficacy of lactulose in cirrhotic patients with and without subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1410-14.
Seyama Y, Kokudo N. Assessment of liver function for safe hepatic resection. Hepatol Res 2009; 39: 107-16.
Romero-Gomez M, Boza F, Garcia-Valdecasas MS, Garcia E, Aguilar-Reina J. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 2718-23.
Rossi S, Ravetta V, Rosa L et al. Repeated radiofrequency ablation for management of patients with cirrhosis with small hepatocellular carcinomas: a long-term cohort study. Hepatology 2011; 53: 136-47.
2004; 165
2007; 102
2010; 53
1978; 74
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2008; 38
2011; 53
1999; 283
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2004; 30
2010; 25
2009; 50
2004; 39
1986; 100
1975; 2
2007; 4
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2011; 27
2007; 22
2001; 96
1982; 36
2009; 24
2009; 21
2012
1999; 29
1997; 26
2008; 14
2005; 42
2008; 57
2011; 76
2003; 39
1996; 14
2012; 105
1972; 22
2007; 13
2010; 40
2009; 29
2011; 106
2008; 49
2011; 41
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2010; 92
2011; 140
2007; 45
2007; 46
2009; 39
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References_xml – reference: Sidhu SS, Goyal O, Mishra BP, Sood A, Chhina RS, Soni RK. Rifaximin improves psychometric performance and health-related quality of life in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy (the RIME Trial). Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 307-16.
– reference: Blei AT, Cordoba J. Subclinical encephalopathy. Dig Dis 1996; 14 (Suppl 1): 2-11.
– reference: Otsuka M, Uchida Y, Kawaguchi T et al. Fish to meat intake ratio and cooking oils are associated with hepatitis C virus carriers with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels. Hepatol Res 2012; in press.
– reference: Farr SA, Yamada KA, Butterfield DA et al. Obesity and hypertriglyceridemia produce cognitive impairment. Endocrinology 2008; 149: 2628-36.
– reference: Kato A, Kato M, Ishii H et al. Development of quantitative neuropsychological tests for diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in liver cirrhosis patients and establishment of diagnostic criteria-multicenter collaborative study in Japanese. Hepatol Res 2004; 30: 71-8.
– reference: Watanabe A, Sakai T, Sato S et al. Clinical efficacy of lactulose in cirrhotic patients with and without subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1997; 26: 1410-14.
– reference: Bajaj JS. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy matters in daily life. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14: 3609-15.
– reference: Kurosaki M, Matsunaga K, Hirayama I et al. A predictive model of response to peginterferon ribavirin in chronic hepatitis C using classification and regression tree analysis. Hepatol Res 2010; 40: 251-60.
– reference: Fernstrom JD, Fernstrom MH. Exercise, serum free tryptophan, and central fatigue. J Nutr 2006; 136: 553S-9S.
– reference: Ono J, Hutson DG, Dombro RS, Levi JU, Livingstone A, Zeppa R. Tryptophan and hepatic coma. Gastroenterology 1978; 74: 196-200.
– reference: Kawaguchi T, Sakisaka S, Sata M, Mori M, Tanikawa K. Different lobular distributions of altered hepatocyte tight junctions in rat models of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis. Hepatology 1999; 29: 205-16.
– reference: Dhiman RK, Saraswat VA, Sharma BK et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: consensus statement of a working party of the Indian National Association for Study of the Liver. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010; 25: 1029-41.
– reference: Lal S, Young SN, Sourkes TL. Letter: 5-hydroxytryptamine and hepatic coma. Lancet 1975; 2: 979-80.
– reference: Prasad S, Dhiman RK, Duseja A, Chawla YK, Sharma A, Agarwal R. Lactulose improves cognitive functions and health-related quality of life in patients with cirrhosis who have minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2007; 45: 549-59.
– reference: Yaffe K. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline. Curr Alzheimer Res 2007; 4: 123-6.
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– reference: Soriano G, Roman E, Cordoba J et al. Cognitive dysfunction in cirrhosis is associated with falls: a prospective study. Hepatology 2012; 55: 1922-30.
– reference: Haussinger D, Schliess F. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 2008; 57: 1156-65.
– reference: Buonuomo PS, Ruggiero A, Valeriani M, Mariotti P. Familial hypobetalipoproteinemia: early neurological, hematological, and ocular manifestations in two affected twins responding to vitamin supplementation. Curr Opin Pediatr 2009; 21: 824-7.
– reference: Reger MA, Henderson ST, Hale C et al. Effects of beta-hydroxybutyrate on cognition in memory-impaired adults. Neurobiol Aging 2004; 25: 311-14.
– reference: Butterworth RF. Hepatic encephalopathy: a central neuroinflammatory disorder? Hepatology 2011; 53: 1372-6.
– reference: Kawaguchi T, Yoshida T, Harada M et al. Hepatitis C virus down-regulates insulin receptor substrates 1 and 2 through up-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3. Am J Pathol 2004; 165: 1499-508.
– reference: Rossi S, Ravetta V, Rosa L et al. Repeated radiofrequency ablation for management of patients with cirrhosis with small hepatocellular carcinomas: a long-term cohort study. Hepatology 2011; 53: 136-47.
– reference: Butterworth RF. Editorial: rifaximin and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106: 317-18.
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– reference: Spector AA. Fatty acid binding to plasma albumin. J Lipid Res 1975; 16: 165-79.
– reference: Gainetdinov RR, Wetsel WC, Jones SR, Levin ED, Jaber M, Caron MG. Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science 1999; 283: 397-401.
– reference: Seyama Y, Kokudo N. Assessment of liver function for safe hepatic resection. Hepatol Res 2009; 39: 107-16.
– reference: Garcia-Tsao G, Sanyal AJ, Grace ND, Carey W. Prevention and management of gastroesophageal varices and variceal hemorrhage in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2007; 46: 922-38.
– reference: Michitaka K, Tokumoto Y, Uesugi K et al. Neuropsychiatric dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Hepatol Res 2008; 38: 1069-75.
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– reference: Kachaamy T, Bajaj JS. Diet and cognition in chronic liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 2011; 27: 174-9.
– reference: Stewart CA, Smith GE. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 4: 677-85.
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  year: 2011
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Snippet Aim:  Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We...
Aim:  Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We...
Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We investigated...
Aim: Cognitive dysfunction (CD) is frequently observed in cirrhotic patients. However, the biochemical profiles associated with CD remain unclear. We...
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SubjectTerms Algorithms
decision-tree algorithm
fatty acid
minimal hepatic encephalopathy
neuropsychiatric test
neurospsychiatric test
Title Lipid profile is associated with the incidence of cognitive dysfunction in viral cirrhotic patients: A data-mining analysis
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https://cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1571698601100499200
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111%2Fj.1872-034X.2012.01076.x
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22882558
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