Sample Digestion and Combined Preconcentration Methods for the Determination of Ultra-Low Gold Levels in Rocks

The gold abundance in basic rocks, which normally varies between 0.5 and 5 ppb, has served as a very important indicator in many geoscience studies, including those focused on the planetary differentiation, redistribution of elements during the crustal process, and ore genesis. However, because gold...

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Published in:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 24; no. 9; p. 1778
Main Authors: Liu, Yan-hong, Wan, Bo, Xue, Ding-shuai
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 08.05.2019
MDPI
Subjects:
Acids - chemistry
Chemical Precipitation
Chemistry, Inorganic - methods
Geologic Sediments - chemistry
geological samples
gold
Gold - analysis
Liquid Phase Microextraction
Mass spectrometry
Metals
Methods
preconcentration
Reagents
Review
sample preparation
Scientific imaging
gold
preconcentration
sample preparation
geological samples
ISSN:1420-3049, 1420-3049
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Abstract The gold abundance in basic rocks, which normally varies between 0.5 and 5 ppb, has served as a very important indicator in many geoscience studies, including those focused on the planetary differentiation, redistribution of elements during the crustal process, and ore genesis. However, because gold is a monoisotopic element that exhibits a nugget effect, it is very difficult to quantify its ultra-low levels in rocks, which significantly limits our understanding of the origin of gold and its circulation between the Earth crust, mantle, and core. In this work, we summarize various sample digestion and combined preconcentration methods for the determination of gold amounts in rocks. They include fire assay, fire assay combined with Te coprecipitation and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) or laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, fusion combined with Te coprecipitation and anion exchange resins, dry chlorination, wet acid digestion combined with precipitation, ion exchange resins, solvent extraction, polyurethane foam, extraction chromatography, novel solid adsorbents, and direct determination by INAA. In addition, the faced challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
AbstractList The gold abundance in basic rocks, which normally varies between 0.5 and 5 ppb, has served as a very important indicator in many geoscience studies, including those focused on the planetary differentiation, redistribution of elements during the crustal process, and ore genesis. However, because gold is a monoisotopic element that exhibits a nugget effect, it is very difficult to quantify its ultra-low levels in rocks, which significantly limits our understanding of the origin of gold and its circulation between the Earth crust, mantle, and core. In this work, we summarize various sample digestion and combined preconcentration methods for the determination of gold amounts in rocks. They include fire assay, fire assay combined with Te coprecipitation and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) or laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, fusion combined with Te coprecipitation and anion exchange resins, dry chlorination, wet acid digestion combined with precipitation, ion exchange resins, solvent extraction, polyurethane foam, extraction chromatography, novel solid adsorbents, and direct determination by INAA. In addition, the faced challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed.The gold abundance in basic rocks, which normally varies between 0.5 and 5 ppb, has served as a very important indicator in many geoscience studies, including those focused on the planetary differentiation, redistribution of elements during the crustal process, and ore genesis. However, because gold is a monoisotopic element that exhibits a nugget effect, it is very difficult to quantify its ultra-low levels in rocks, which significantly limits our understanding of the origin of gold and its circulation between the Earth crust, mantle, and core. In this work, we summarize various sample digestion and combined preconcentration methods for the determination of gold amounts in rocks. They include fire assay, fire assay combined with Te coprecipitation and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) or laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, fusion combined with Te coprecipitation and anion exchange resins, dry chlorination, wet acid digestion combined with precipitation, ion exchange resins, solvent extraction, polyurethane foam, extraction chromatography, novel solid adsorbents, and direct determination by INAA. In addition, the faced challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
The gold abundance in basic rocks, which normally varies between 0.5 and 5 ppb, has served as a very important indicator in many geoscience studies, including those focused on the planetary differentiation, redistribution of elements during the crustal process, and ore genesis. However, because gold is a monoisotopic element that exhibits a nugget effect, it is very difficult to quantify its ultra-low levels in rocks, which significantly limits our understanding of the origin of gold and its circulation between the Earth crust, mantle, and core. In this work, we summarize various sample digestion and combined preconcentration methods for the determination of gold amounts in rocks. They include fire assay, fire assay combined with Te coprecipitation and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) or laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, fusion combined with Te coprecipitation and anion exchange resins, dry chlorination, wet acid digestion combined with precipitation, ion exchange resins, solvent extraction, polyurethane foam, extraction chromatography, novel solid adsorbents, and direct determination by INAA. In addition, the faced challenges and future perspectives in this field are discussed.
Author Xue, Ding-shuai
Liu, Yan-hong
Wan, Bo
AuthorAffiliation State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; liuyanhong@mail.iggcas.ac.cn (Y.-h.L.); xuedingshuai@mail.iggcas.ac.cn (D.-s.X.)
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; liuyanhong@mail.iggcas.ac.cn (Y.-h.L.); xuedingshuai@mail.iggcas.ac.cn (D.-s.X.)
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Yan-hong
  surname: Liu
  fullname: Liu, Yan-hong
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Bo
  surname: Wan
  fullname: Wan, Bo
– sequence: 3
  givenname: Ding-shuai
  orcidid: 0000-0002-0750-0804
  surname: Xue
  fullname: Xue, Ding-shuai
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31071914$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Keywords gold
preconcentration
sample preparation
geological samples
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Snippet The gold abundance in basic rocks, which normally varies between 0.5 and 5 ppb, has served as a very important indicator in many geoscience studies, including...
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SubjectTerms Acids - chemistry
Chemical Precipitation
Chemistry, Inorganic - methods
Geologic Sediments - chemistry
geological samples
gold
Gold - analysis
Liquid Phase Microextraction
Mass spectrometry
Metals
Methods
preconcentration
Reagents
Review
sample preparation
Scientific imaging
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Title Sample Digestion and Combined Preconcentration Methods for the Determination of Ultra-Low Gold Levels in Rocks
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