Evidence for widespread changes in the structure, composition, and fire regimes of western North American forests
Implementation of wildfire- and climate-adaptation strategies in seasonally dry forests of western North America is impeded by numerous constraints and uncertainties. After more than a century of resource and land use change, some question the need for proactive management, particularly given novel...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Ecological applications Jg. 31; H. 8; S. 1 - 34 |
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| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
| Veröffentlicht: |
United States
John Wiley and Sons, Inc
01.12.2021
Ecological Society of America John Wiley and Sons Inc |
| Schlagworte: | |
| ISSN: | 1051-0761, 1939-5582 |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
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| Abstract | Implementation of wildfire- and climate-adaptation strategies in seasonally dry forests of western North America is impeded by numerous constraints and uncertainties. After more than a century of resource and land use change, some question the need for proactive management, particularly given novel social, ecological, and climatic conditions. To address this question, we first provide a framework for assessing changes in landscape conditions and fire regimes. Using this framework, we then evaluate evidence of change in contemporary conditions relative to those maintained by active fire regimes, i.e., those uninterrupted by a century or more of human-induced fire exclusion. The cumulative results of more than a century of research document a persistent and substantial fire deficit and widespread alterations to ecological structures and functions. These changes are not necessarily apparent at all spatial scales or in all dimensions of fire regimes and forest and nonforest conditions. Nonetheless, loss of the once abundant influence of low- and moderate-severity fires suggests that even the least fire-prone ecosystems may be affected by alteration of the surrounding landscape and, consequently, ecosystem functions. Vegetation spatial patterns in fire-excluded forested landscapes no longer reflect the heterogeneity maintained by interacting fires of active fire regimes. Live and dead vegetation (surface and canopy fuels) is generally more abundant and continuous than before European colonization. As a result, current conditions are more vulnerable to the direct and indirect effects of seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire, especially under a rapidly warming climate. Long-term fire exclusion and contemporaneous social-ecological influences continue to extensively modify seasonally dry forested landscapes. Management that realigns or adapts fire-excluded conditions to seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire can moderate ecosystem transitions as forests and human communities adapt to changing climatic and disturbance regimes. As adaptation strategies are developed, evaluated, and implemented, objective scientific evaluation of ongoing research and monitoring can aid differentiation of warranted and unwarranted uncertainties. |
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| AbstractList | Implementation of wildfire‐ and climate‐adaptation strategies in seasonally dry forests of western North America is impeded by numerous constraints and uncertainties. After more than a century of resource and land use change, some question the need for proactive management, particularly given novel social, ecological, and climatic conditions. To address this question, we first provide a framework for assessing changes in landscape conditions and fire regimes. Using this framework, we then evaluate evidence of change in contemporary conditions relative to those maintained by active fire regimes, i.e., those uninterrupted by a century or more of human‐induced fire exclusion. The cumulative results of more than a century of research document a persistent and substantial fire deficit and widespread alterations to ecological structures and functions. These changes are not necessarily apparent at all spatial scales or in all dimensions of fire regimes and forest and nonforest conditions. Nonetheless, loss of the once abundant influence of low‐ and moderate‐severity fires suggests that even the least fire‐prone ecosystems may be affected by alteration of the surrounding landscape and, consequently, ecosystem functions. Vegetation spatial patterns in fire‐excluded forested landscapes no longer reflect the heterogeneity maintained by interacting fires of active fire regimes. Live and dead vegetation (surface and canopy fuels) is generally more abundant and continuous than before European colonization. As a result, current conditions are more vulnerable to the direct and indirect effects of seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire, especially under a rapidly warming climate. Long‐term fire exclusion and contemporaneous social‐ecological influences continue to extensively modify seasonally dry forested landscapes. Management that realigns or adapts fire‐excluded conditions to seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire can moderate ecosystem transitions as forests and human communities adapt to changing climatic and disturbance regimes. As adaptation strategies are developed, evaluated, and implemented, objective scientific evaluation of ongoing research and monitoring can aid differentiation of warranted and unwarranted uncertainties. Implementation of wildfire- and climate-adaptation strategies in seasonally dry forests of western North America is impeded by numerous constraints and uncertainties. After more than a century of resource and land use change, some question the need for proactive management, particularly given novel social, ecological, and climatic conditions. To address this question, we first provide a framework for assessing changes in landscape conditions and fire regimes. Using this framework, we then evaluate evidence of change in contemporary conditions relative to those maintained by active fire regimes, i.e., those uninterrupted by a century or more of human-induced fire exclusion. The cumulative results of more than a century of research document a persistent and substantial fire deficit and widespread alterations to ecological structures and functions. These changes are not necessarily apparent at all spatial scales or in all dimensions of fire regimes and forest and nonforest conditions. Nonetheless, loss of the once abundant influence of low- and moderate-severity fires suggests that even the least fire-prone ecosystems may be affected by alteration of the surrounding landscape and, consequently, ecosystem functions. Vegetation spatial patterns in fire-excluded forested landscapes no longer reflect the heterogeneity maintained by interacting fires of active fire regimes. Live and dead vegetation (surface and canopy fuels) is generally more abundant and continuous than before European colonization. As a result, current conditions are more vulnerable to the direct and indirect effects of seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire, especially under a rapidly warming climate. Long-term fire exclusion and contemporaneous social-ecological influences continue to extensively modify seasonally dry forested landscapes. Management that realigns or adapts fire-excluded conditions to seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire can moderate ecosystem transitions as forests and human communities adapt to changing climatic and disturbance regimes. As adaptation strategies are developed, evaluated, and implemented, objective scientific evaluation of ongoing research and monitoring can aid differentiation of warranted and unwarranted uncertainties.Implementation of wildfire- and climate-adaptation strategies in seasonally dry forests of western North America is impeded by numerous constraints and uncertainties. After more than a century of resource and land use change, some question the need for proactive management, particularly given novel social, ecological, and climatic conditions. To address this question, we first provide a framework for assessing changes in landscape conditions and fire regimes. Using this framework, we then evaluate evidence of change in contemporary conditions relative to those maintained by active fire regimes, i.e., those uninterrupted by a century or more of human-induced fire exclusion. The cumulative results of more than a century of research document a persistent and substantial fire deficit and widespread alterations to ecological structures and functions. These changes are not necessarily apparent at all spatial scales or in all dimensions of fire regimes and forest and nonforest conditions. Nonetheless, loss of the once abundant influence of low- and moderate-severity fires suggests that even the least fire-prone ecosystems may be affected by alteration of the surrounding landscape and, consequently, ecosystem functions. Vegetation spatial patterns in fire-excluded forested landscapes no longer reflect the heterogeneity maintained by interacting fires of active fire regimes. Live and dead vegetation (surface and canopy fuels) is generally more abundant and continuous than before European colonization. As a result, current conditions are more vulnerable to the direct and indirect effects of seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire, especially under a rapidly warming climate. Long-term fire exclusion and contemporaneous social-ecological influences continue to extensively modify seasonally dry forested landscapes. Management that realigns or adapts fire-excluded conditions to seasonal and episodic increases in drought and fire can moderate ecosystem transitions as forests and human communities adapt to changing climatic and disturbance regimes. As adaptation strategies are developed, evaluated, and implemented, objective scientific evaluation of ongoing research and monitoring can aid differentiation of warranted and unwarranted uncertainties. |
| Author | Daniels, L. D. Johnston, J. D. Levine, C. R. Brown, P. M. Stevens, J. T. Krawchuk, M. A. Yocom, L. L. Battaglia, M. A. Stephens, S. L. Lydersen, J. M. Meigs, G. W. North, M. P. Fulé, P. Z. Merschel, A. G. Swetnam, T. W. Keane, R. E. Meador, A. J. Sánchez Hessburg, P. F. Reilly, M. J. Taylor, A. H. Safford, H. D. Knapp, E. E. Prichard, S. J. Falk, D. A. Henson, P. Metlen, K. L. Hagmann, R. K. Waltz, A. E. M. Povak, N. A. Churchill, D. J. |
| AuthorAffiliation | 4 USDA‐FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station Placerville California 95667 USA 6 School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA 2 Applegate Forestry LLC Corvallis Oregon 97330 USA 26 Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA 20 School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA 19 Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada 15 Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA 12 Ecological Restoration Institute Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA 10 The Nature Conservancy Ashland Oregon 97520 USA 17 USDA‐FS, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA 16 Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA 9 Fire and Resource Assessment Prog |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 12 Ecological Restoration Institute Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA – name: 22 College of Forestry Oregon State University Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA – name: 15 Department of Geography, Earth and Environmental Systems Institute The Pennsylvania State University University Park Pennsylvania 16802 USA – name: 11 USDA‐FS, Pacific Northwest Research Station Corvallis Oregon 97333 USA – name: 3 USDA‐FS, Forestry Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest Research Station Wenatchee Washington 98801 USA – name: 9 Fire and Resource Assessment Program California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection Sacramento California 94244 USA – name: 1 College of the Environment‐SEFS University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA – name: 26 Laboratory of Tree‐Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA – name: 5 Rocky Mountain Tree‐Ring Research Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA – name: 16 Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center Utah State University Logan Utah 84322 USA – name: 2 Applegate Forestry LLC Corvallis Oregon 97330 USA – name: 4 USDA‐FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station Placerville California 95667 USA – name: 17 USDA‐FS, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fort Collins Colorado 80526 USA – name: 6 School of Forestry Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona 86011 USA – name: 10 The Nature Conservancy Ashland Oregon 97520 USA – name: 23 Spatial Informatics Group Pleasanton California 94566 USA – name: 8 USDA‐FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station Redding California 96002 USA – name: 14 U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center New Mexico Landscapes Field Station Santa Fe New Mexico 87508 USA – name: 18 Washington State Department of Natural Resources Olympia Washington 98504 USA – name: 7 Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory USDA‐FS, Rocky Mountain Research Station Missoula Montana 59808 USA – name: 20 School of Natural Resources and the Environment University of Arizona Tucson Arizona 85721 USA – name: 19 Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada – name: 25 USDA‐FS, Pacific Southwest Region Vallejo California 94592 USA – name: 13 Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management University of California–Berkeley Berkeley California 94720 USA – name: 21 Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office USDI Fish & Wildlife Service Portland Oregon 97232 USA – name: 24 USDA‐FS, Pacific Southwest Research Station Mammoth Lakes California 93546 USA |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: R. K. surname: Hagmann fullname: Hagmann, R. K. – sequence: 2 givenname: P. F. surname: Hessburg fullname: Hessburg, P. F. – sequence: 3 givenname: S. J. surname: Prichard fullname: Prichard, S. J. – sequence: 4 givenname: N. A. surname: Povak fullname: Povak, N. A. – sequence: 5 givenname: P. M. surname: Brown fullname: Brown, P. M. – sequence: 6 givenname: P. Z. surname: Fulé fullname: Fulé, P. Z. – sequence: 7 givenname: R. E. surname: Keane fullname: Keane, R. E. – sequence: 8 givenname: E. E. surname: Knapp fullname: Knapp, E. E. – sequence: 9 givenname: J. M. surname: Lydersen fullname: Lydersen, J. M. – sequence: 10 givenname: K. L. surname: Metlen fullname: Metlen, K. L. – sequence: 11 givenname: M. J. surname: Reilly fullname: Reilly, M. J. – sequence: 12 givenname: A. J. Sánchez surname: Meador fullname: Meador, A. J. Sánchez – sequence: 13 givenname: S. L. surname: Stephens fullname: Stephens, S. L. – sequence: 14 givenname: J. T. surname: Stevens fullname: Stevens, J. T. – sequence: 15 givenname: A. H. surname: Taylor fullname: Taylor, A. H. – sequence: 16 givenname: L. L. surname: Yocom fullname: Yocom, L. L. – sequence: 17 givenname: M. A. surname: Battaglia fullname: Battaglia, M. A. – sequence: 18 givenname: D. J. surname: Churchill fullname: Churchill, D. J. – sequence: 19 givenname: L. D. surname: Daniels fullname: Daniels, L. D. – sequence: 20 givenname: D. A. surname: Falk fullname: Falk, D. A. – sequence: 21 givenname: P. surname: Henson fullname: Henson, P. – sequence: 22 givenname: J. D. surname: Johnston fullname: Johnston, J. D. – sequence: 23 givenname: M. A. surname: Krawchuk fullname: Krawchuk, M. A. – sequence: 24 givenname: C. R. surname: Levine fullname: Levine, C. R. – sequence: 25 givenname: G. W. surname: Meigs fullname: Meigs, G. W. – sequence: 26 givenname: A. G. surname: Merschel fullname: Merschel, A. G. – sequence: 27 givenname: M. P. surname: North fullname: North, M. P. – sequence: 28 givenname: H. D. surname: Safford fullname: Safford, H. D. – sequence: 29 givenname: T. W. surname: Swetnam fullname: Swetnam, T. W. – sequence: 30 givenname: A. E. M. surname: Waltz fullname: Waltz, A. E. M. |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34339067$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Publisher | John Wiley and Sons, Inc Ecological Society of America John Wiley and Sons Inc |
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| SubjectTerms | Adaptation canopy Climate climate adaptation Climate change Climate Change and Western Wildfires Climatic conditions Disturbances Drought Dry forests Ecological effects Ecological function Ecosystem ecosystem management Ecosystems Evaluation fire exclusion Fires forested landscapes Forests frequent fire Global warming Herbivores Heterogeneity high‐severity fire Human influences Humans INVITED FEATURE: CLIMATE CHANGE AND WESTERN WILDFIRES Land use land use change Landscape landscape restoration landscapes multi‐dimensional fire regimes multi‐scale spatial patterns North America Questions reference conditions Uncertainty Vegetation wildfire adaptation Wildfires |
| Title | Evidence for widespread changes in the structure, composition, and fire regimes of western North American forests |
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