Understanding the Nature of Metadata: Systematic Review
Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensiv...
Saved in:
| Published in: | Journal of medical Internet research Vol. 24; no. 1; p. e25440 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Canada
Journal of Medical Internet Research
11.01.2022
Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor JMIR Publications |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 1438-8871, 1439-4456, 1438-8871 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
| Tags: |
Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
|
| Abstract | Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous.
This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse.
A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used.
The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas.
Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. |
|---|---|
| AbstractList | Background: Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term “metadata” and its use is not always unambiguous. Objective: This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used. Results: The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas. Conclusions: Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous. This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse. A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used. The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas. Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous.BACKGROUNDMetadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous.This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse.OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse.A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used.METHODSA systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used.The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas.RESULTSThe harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas.Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context.CONCLUSIONSMetadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous. This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse. A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used. The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas. Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. |
| Audience | Academic |
| Author | Gött, Robert Ingenerf, Josef Ulrich, Hannes Kern, Jori Majeed, Raphael W Dugas, Martin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Ann-Kristin Stöhr, Mark R Deppenwiese, Noemi Stausberg, Jürgen Lablans, Martin Varghese, Julian |
| AuthorAffiliation | 8 Institute of Medical Informatics University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany 3 Chair of Medical Informatics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany 6 Complex Data Processing in Medical Informatics University Medical Center Mannheim Mannheim Germany 11 Institute of Medical Informatics Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany 1 IT Center for Clinical Research University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany 5 Federated Information Systems German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany 10 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Münster Münster Germany 2 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany 7 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center German Center for Lung Research Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Germany 9 Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany 4 Department Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, Institute for Community Medicine Un |
| AuthorAffiliation_xml | – name: 1 IT Center for Clinical Research University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany – name: 5 Federated Information Systems German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany – name: 2 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany – name: 9 Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany – name: 11 Institute of Medical Informatics Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany – name: 7 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center German Center for Lung Research Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Germany – name: 8 Institute of Medical Informatics University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany – name: 6 Complex Data Processing in Medical Informatics University Medical Center Mannheim Mannheim Germany – name: 10 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Münster Münster Germany – name: 3 Chair of Medical Informatics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany – name: 4 Department Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, Institute for Community Medicine University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Hannes orcidid: 0000-0002-8349-6798 surname: Ulrich fullname: Ulrich, Hannes – sequence: 2 givenname: Ann-Kristin orcidid: 0000-0001-6685-4429 surname: Kock-Schoppenhauer fullname: Kock-Schoppenhauer, Ann-Kristin – sequence: 3 givenname: Noemi orcidid: 0000-0002-8031-1209 surname: Deppenwiese fullname: Deppenwiese, Noemi – sequence: 4 givenname: Robert orcidid: 0000-0001-9985-8311 surname: Gött fullname: Gött, Robert – sequence: 5 givenname: Jori orcidid: 0000-0002-3206-9606 surname: Kern fullname: Kern, Jori – sequence: 6 givenname: Martin orcidid: 0000-0003-1880-5555 surname: Lablans fullname: Lablans, Martin – sequence: 7 givenname: Raphael W orcidid: 0000-0002-8260-8815 surname: Majeed fullname: Majeed, Raphael W – sequence: 8 givenname: Mark R orcidid: 0000-0002-3628-7280 surname: Stöhr fullname: Stöhr, Mark R – sequence: 9 givenname: Jürgen orcidid: 0000-0003-0348-5579 surname: Stausberg fullname: Stausberg, Jürgen – sequence: 10 givenname: Julian orcidid: 0000-0002-7206-3719 surname: Varghese fullname: Varghese, Julian – sequence: 11 givenname: Martin orcidid: 0000-0001-9740-0788 surname: Dugas fullname: Dugas, Martin – sequence: 12 givenname: Josef orcidid: 0000-0002-3274-8422 surname: Ingenerf fullname: Ingenerf, Josef |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35014967$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
| BookMark | eNptkltLHTEUhUOx1Ev9C2WgFCpybG6TyfShIFKtYC3U-hxisnOMzCSaZKz---aotZ5DyUNC8u0V9lp7E62FGAChbYL3KOnFJ9pyjl-hDcKZnEnZkbUX53W0mfMVxhTznrxB66zFhPei20DdebCQctHB-jBvyiU0p7pMCZromu9QtNVFf27O7nOBURdvmp9w6-H3W_Ta6SHD9tO-hc4Pv_46-DY7-XF0fLB_MjO8p2XW8o5bd8EZtly7VnSSsl46CdAywM4KpzklAgOTtcAYAKkpdJgSpwWxmm2hL4-619PFCNZAKEkP6jr5Uad7FbVXyy_BX6p5vFWy67GQvAp8fBJI8WaCXNTos4Fh0AHilBUVRPakxZxW9P0KehWnFGp7laIcs54Q8Y-a6wGUDy7Wf81CVO13gra1ScYqtfcfqi4Lozc1Oufr_VLBzlJBZQrclbmeclbHZ6fL7LuXpjy78TfWCnx4BEyKOSdwzwjBajEu6mFcKre7whlfaspx4aUfVug_VWO7pw |
| CitedBy_id | crossref_primary_10_1007_s00392_023_02303_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_sciaf_2023_e01854 crossref_primary_10_9728_dcs_2025_26_8_2155 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_csbj_2023_10_006 crossref_primary_10_2196_57569 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_measen_2024_101223 crossref_primary_10_1177_15501906251332939 crossref_primary_10_2196_63161 crossref_primary_10_1162_dint_a_00189 crossref_primary_10_1109_ACCESS_2025_3556240 crossref_primary_10_1007_s44230_025_00106_5 crossref_primary_10_1093_gigascience_giae111 crossref_primary_10_1177_10497323251333243 crossref_primary_10_36676_j_sust_sol_v1_i4_50 crossref_primary_10_1097_CCE_0000000000001179 crossref_primary_10_1002_mas_21860 crossref_primary_10_1080_07317131_2025_2467581 crossref_primary_10_3390_info16050378 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_022_01792_7 crossref_primary_10_2196_63396 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_023_01968_9 crossref_primary_10_3390_su162410851 crossref_primary_10_2196_52967 crossref_primary_10_1007_s11831_024_10187_3 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_jclepro_2025_146120 crossref_primary_10_1080_19386389_2024_2329370 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_procs_2025_05_118 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_xgen_2025_100845 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_softx_2025_102098 crossref_primary_10_1515_libri_2023_0106 crossref_primary_10_1016_j_imu_2023_101291 crossref_primary_10_2196_60204 crossref_primary_10_1038_s41597_024_03349_2 |
| Cites_doi | 10.1093/database/baz059 10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000824 https://doi.org/10.1145/263661.263668 10.4103/2153-3539.84233 10.3233/SHTI190467 10.6017/ital.v29i3.3136 10.1016/j.cageo.2019.07.005 10.1093/ve/vey005 10.1093/jamia/ocx119 10.5121/ijdms.2019.11301 10.4258/hir.2014.20.4.295 10.1038/sdata.2019.21 10.2423/i22394303v8n1p33 10.1145/3212686 10.3233/978-1-61499-742-9-418 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000681 10.3414/ME15-01-0016 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.11.002 10.1109/icss.2013.50 10.3233/SHTI190512 10.1038/sdata.2016.102 10.1016/j.future.2018.07.005 10.3233/SHTI190194 10.4258/hir.2014.20.2.88 10.5220/0007391101070118 10.32920/ryerson.14637945.v1 10.3389/fninf.2011.00016 10.2147/clep.s170075 10.5220/0003663300870095 10.1136/amiajnl-2010-000061 10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.119 10.3414/ME0569 10.3389/fninf.2017.00024 10.1080/01639374.2010.508711 10.4258/hir.2014.20.2.145 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2010.02.009 10.1109/icitsi.2016.7858213 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx334 10.1145/1667062.1667064 10.1055/s-0039-1695793 10.2307/2529310 10.1007/978-3-642-39643-4_28 10.1145/2479832.2479863 10.1093/database/baz132 10.5334/dsj-2016-003 10.4338/aci-2012-03-ra-0011 10.1038/s41598-018-31290-z 10.1038/sdata.2016.18 10.1504/ijmso.2012.051488 10.3389/fninf.2015.00030 10.1093/sysbio/sys025 10.1186/1472-6947-12-115 10.1007/978-3-030-11226-4_22 10.3233/SHTI190189 10.1055/s-0039-3399579 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 10.3233/jcm-170751 10.1016/j.jbi.2012.11.008 10.1300/j104v37n01_12 10.1186/s12911-019-0877-x |
| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. COPYRIGHT 2022 Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. 2022 |
| Copyright_xml | – notice: Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. – notice: COPYRIGHT 2022 Journal of Medical Internet Research – notice: 2022. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. 2022 |
| DBID | AAYXX CITATION CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM ISN 3V. 7QJ 7RV 7X7 7XB 8FI 8FJ 8FK ABUWG AFKRA ALSLI AZQEC BENPR CCPQU CNYFK DWQXO E3H F2A FYUFA GHDGH K9. KB0 M0S M1O NAPCQ PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PJZUB PKEHL PPXIY PQEST PQQKQ PQUKI PRINS PRQQA 7X8 5PM |
| DOI | 10.2196/25440 |
| DatabaseName | CrossRef Medline MEDLINE MEDLINE (Ovid) MEDLINE MEDLINE PubMed Canada (Gale in Context) ProQuest Central (Corporate) Applied Social Sciences Index & Abstracts (ASSIA) Nursing & Allied Health Database ProQuest_Health & Medical Collection ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Hospital Collection Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016) ProQuest Central (Alumni) ProQuest Central UK/Ireland Social Science Premium Collection ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Central ProQuest One Library & Information Science Collection ProQuest Central Library & Information Sciences Abstracts (LISA) Library & Information Science Abstracts (LISA) Health Research Premium Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Health & Medical Collection Library Science Database Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Central Premium ProQuest One Academic Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) One Health & Nursing ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE) ProQuest One Academic (retired) ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Central China ProQuest One Social Sciences MEDLINE - Academic PubMed Central (Full Participant titles) |
| DatabaseTitle | CrossRef MEDLINE Medline Complete MEDLINE with Full Text PubMed MEDLINE (Ovid) Publicly Available Content Database ProQuest One Academic Middle East (New) Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) ProQuest Central Essentials ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni) ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition) ProQuest One Community College ProQuest One Health & Nursing Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA) ProQuest Central China ProQuest Central ProQuest Library Science ProQuest Health & Medical Research Collection Health Research Premium Collection Health and Medicine Complete (Alumni Edition) ProQuest Central Korea Library & Information Science Collection ProQuest Central (New) Social Science Premium Collection ProQuest One Social Sciences ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source ProQuest Hospital Collection Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni) ProQuest Hospital Collection (Alumni) Nursing & Allied Health Premium ProQuest Health & Medical Complete ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source (Alumni) ProQuest One Academic ProQuest One Academic (New) ProQuest Central (Alumni) MEDLINE - Academic |
| DatabaseTitleList | Publicly Available Content Database MEDLINE MEDLINE - Academic |
| Database_xml | – sequence: 1 dbid: NPM name: PubMed url: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed sourceTypes: Index Database – sequence: 2 dbid: 7RV name: Nursing & Allied Health Database url: https://search.proquest.com/nahs sourceTypes: Aggregation Database |
| DeliveryMethod | fulltext_linktorsrc |
| Discipline | Medicine Library & Information Science |
| EISSN | 1438-8871 |
| ExternalDocumentID | PMC8790684 A762556733 35014967 10_2196_25440 |
| Genre | Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Systematic Review Journal Article |
| GroupedDBID | --- .4I .DC 29L 2WC 36B 53G 5GY 5VS 77I 77K 7RV 7X7 8FI 8FJ AAFWJ AAKPC AAWTL AAYXX ABDBF ABIVO ABUWG ACGFO ADBBV AEGXH AENEX AFFHD AFKRA AFPKN AIAGR ALMA_UNASSIGNED_HOLDINGS ALSLI AOIJS BAWUL BCNDV BENPR CCPQU CITATION CNYFK CS3 DIK DU5 DWQXO E3Z EAP EBD EBS EJD ELW EMB EMOBN ESX F5P FRP FYUFA GROUPED_DOAJ GX1 HMCUK HYE IAO ICO IEA IHR INH ISN ITC KQ8 M1O M48 NAPCQ OK1 OVT P2P PGMZT PHGZM PHGZT PIMPY PPXIY PQQKQ PRQQA RNS RPM SJN SV3 TR2 UKHRP XSB ACUHS ALIPV CGR CUY CVF ECM EIF NPM 3V. 7QJ 7XB 8FK AZQEC E3H F2A K9. PJZUB PKEHL PQEST PQUKI PRINS 7X8 PUEGO 5PM |
| ID | FETCH-LOGICAL-c492t-5474dfb430d4af56782398f8ee53e0fd6fa42160e38c49ccee8a2e7021fa61da3 |
| IEDL.DBID | BENPR |
| ISICitedReferencesCount | 39 |
| ISICitedReferencesURI | http://www.webofscience.com/api/gateway?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=Summon&SrcAuth=ProQuest&DestLinkType=CitingArticles&DestApp=WOS_CPL&KeyUT=000766783100002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| ISSN | 1438-8871 1439-4456 |
| IngestDate | Tue Nov 04 01:59:20 EST 2025 Thu Sep 04 16:33:40 EDT 2025 Sat Nov 08 20:41:19 EST 2025 Tue Nov 11 10:21:12 EST 2025 Tue Nov 04 18:39:39 EST 2025 Thu Nov 13 16:39:02 EST 2025 Mon Jul 21 06:06:25 EDT 2025 Tue Nov 18 22:40:42 EST 2025 Sat Nov 29 03:22:38 EST 2025 |
| IsDoiOpenAccess | true |
| IsOpenAccess | true |
| IsPeerReviewed | true |
| IsScholarly | true |
| Issue | 1 |
| Keywords | metadata definition data identification metadata systematic review data integration data classification |
| Language | English |
| License | Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included. |
| LinkModel | DirectLink |
| MergedId | FETCHMERGED-LOGICAL-c492t-5474dfb430d4af56782398f8ee53e0fd6fa42160e38c49ccee8a2e7021fa61da3 |
| Notes | ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 content type line 14 ObjectType-Feature-3 ObjectType-Evidence Based Healthcare-1 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Undefined-4 |
| ORCID | 0000-0003-1880-5555 0000-0002-8260-8815 0000-0002-3628-7280 0000-0001-9740-0788 0000-0002-8031-1209 0000-0001-9985-8311 0000-0003-0348-5579 0000-0002-7206-3719 0000-0002-3274-8422 0000-0001-6685-4429 0000-0002-8349-6798 0000-0002-3206-9606 |
| OpenAccessLink | https://www.proquest.com/docview/2624039116?pq-origsite=%requestingapplication% |
| PMID | 35014967 |
| PQID | 2624039116 |
| PQPubID | 2033121 |
| ParticipantIDs | pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_8790684 proquest_miscellaneous_2618915042 proquest_journals_2624039116 gale_infotracmisc_A762556733 gale_infotracacademiconefile_A762556733 gale_incontextgauss_ISN_A762556733 pubmed_primary_35014967 crossref_primary_10_2196_25440 crossref_citationtrail_10_2196_25440 |
| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2022-01-11 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2022-01-11 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2022 text: 2022-01-11 day: 11 |
| PublicationDecade | 2020 |
| PublicationPlace | Canada |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Canada – name: Toronto – name: Toronto, Canada |
| PublicationTitle | Journal of medical Internet research |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | J Med Internet Res |
| PublicationYear | 2022 |
| Publisher | Journal of Medical Internet Research Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor JMIR Publications |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Journal of Medical Internet Research – name: Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor – name: JMIR Publications |
| References | ref57 ref12 ref56 ref15 ref59 ref58 ref53 ref11 ref55 ref10 ref54 ref17 ref16 ref19 ref18 ref46 ref45 ref48 Park, YR (ref52) 2013; 192 ref47 ref42 ref41 ref44 ref43 ref49 ref8 ref7 ref9 ref4 Park, Y (ref50) 2010; 160 ref3 ref6 ref5 ref40 ref35 ref34 ref78 ref37 ref36 ref31 ref75 ref30 ref74 ref33 ref77 ref32 ref76 ref2 ref38 Nadkarni, Prakash (ref27) 2013 Ammenwerth, E (ref1) 2009; 48 ref71 ref70 ref73 Li, Z (ref14) 2012; 2012 ref72 ref24 ref68 ref23 ref67 ref26 ref25 ref69 ref20 ref64 Ngouongo, S (ref51) 2011; 169 ref63 ref22 ref66 ref21 ref65 ref28 ref29 Landis, JR (ref39) 1977; 33 ref60 ref62 ref61 Löpprich, Martin (ref13) 2014; 205 |
| References_xml | – ident: ref10 doi: 10.1093/database/baz059 – ident: ref37 – ident: ref40 doi: 10.1061/(asce)cp.1943-5487.0000824 – ident: ref3 doi: https://doi.org/10.1145/263661.263668 – ident: ref25 doi: 10.4103/2153-3539.84233 – ident: ref56 doi: 10.3233/SHTI190467 – ident: ref68 doi: 10.6017/ital.v29i3.3136 – ident: ref73 doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2019.07.005 – ident: ref71 doi: 10.1093/ve/vey005 – ident: ref20 – ident: ref43 – volume: 169 start-page: 744 year: 2011 ident: ref51 publication-title: Stud Health Technol Inform – ident: ref21 doi: 10.1093/jamia/ocx119 – volume: 192 start-page: 618 year: 2013 ident: ref52 publication-title: Stud Health Technol Inform – ident: ref2 doi: 10.5121/ijdms.2019.11301 – ident: ref72 doi: 10.4258/hir.2014.20.4.295 – ident: ref9 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2019.21 – ident: ref62 doi: 10.2423/i22394303v8n1p33 – ident: ref76 – ident: ref78 doi: 10.1145/3212686 – ident: ref33 doi: 10.3233/978-1-61499-742-9-418 – ident: ref4 doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000681 – ident: ref11 – ident: ref22 doi: 10.3414/ME15-01-0016 – ident: ref63 doi: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2010.11.002 – ident: ref32 doi: 10.1109/icss.2013.50 – ident: ref61 – ident: ref24 doi: 10.3233/SHTI190512 – ident: ref47 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.102 – ident: ref48 doi: 10.1016/j.future.2018.07.005 – ident: ref58 doi: 10.3233/SHTI190194 – volume: 205 start-page: 368 year: 2014 ident: ref13 publication-title: Stud Health Technol Inform – ident: ref29 doi: 10.4258/hir.2014.20.2.88 – ident: ref49 doi: 10.5220/0007391101070118 – ident: ref23 – ident: ref44 doi: 10.32920/ryerson.14637945.v1 – ident: ref31 doi: 10.3389/fninf.2011.00016 – ident: ref55 doi: 10.2147/clep.s170075 – ident: ref26 – ident: ref75 – ident: ref60 doi: 10.5220/0003663300870095 – ident: ref57 doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2010-000061 – ident: ref34 doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2015.08.119 – volume: 2012 start-page: 552 year: 2012 ident: ref14 publication-title: AMIA Annu Symp Proc – volume: 48 start-page: 84 issue: 1 year: 2009 ident: ref1 publication-title: Methods Inf Med doi: 10.3414/ME0569 – ident: ref28 doi: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00024 – ident: ref41 doi: 10.1080/01639374.2010.508711 – ident: ref45 doi: 10.4258/hir.2014.20.2.145 – volume: 160 start-page: 1136 issue: Pt 2 year: 2010 ident: ref50 publication-title: Stud Health Technol Inform – ident: ref6 doi: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2010.02.009 – ident: ref74 doi: 10.1109/icitsi.2016.7858213 – ident: ref36 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btx334 – ident: ref67 doi: 10.1145/1667062.1667064 – ident: ref35 doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1695793 – volume: 33 start-page: 159 issue: 1 year: 1977 ident: ref39 publication-title: Biometrics doi: 10.2307/2529310 – ident: ref19 – ident: ref12 doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-39643-4_28 – ident: ref69 doi: 10.1145/2479832.2479863 – ident: ref8 doi: 10.1093/database/baz132 – ident: ref59 doi: 10.5334/dsj-2016-003 – ident: ref17 doi: 10.4338/aci-2012-03-ra-0011 – ident: ref30 doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31290-z – ident: ref5 doi: 10.1038/sdata.2016.18 – ident: ref54 doi: 10.1504/ijmso.2012.051488 – ident: ref16 doi: 10.3389/fninf.2015.00030 – ident: ref70 doi: 10.1093/sysbio/sys025 – ident: ref18 doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-12-115 – ident: ref46 – ident: ref65 doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-11226-4_22 – ident: ref38 doi: 10.3233/SHTI190189 – ident: ref66 doi: 10.1055/s-0039-3399579 – ident: ref7 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 – ident: ref77 – year: 2013 ident: ref27 publication-title: Methods in Biomedical Informatics – ident: ref42 doi: 10.3233/jcm-170751 – ident: ref53 doi: 10.1016/j.jbi.2012.11.008 – ident: ref64 doi: 10.1300/j104v37n01_12 – ident: ref15 doi: 10.1186/s12911-019-0877-x |
| SSID | ssj0020491 |
| Score | 2.5515673 |
| SecondaryResourceType | review_article |
| Snippet | Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for... Background Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research... Background: Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different... |
| SourceID | pubmedcentral proquest gale pubmed crossref |
| SourceType | Open Access Repository Aggregation Database Index Database Enrichment Source |
| StartPage | e25440 |
| SubjectTerms | Automation Classification Data processing Definitions Harmonization Health informatics Humans Interoperability Literary criticism Literature reviews Meta-analysis Metadata Multimedia Reference Standards Research applications Reuse Review Robotics Semantics Subject specialists Systematic review Text analysis Understanding |
| Title | Understanding the Nature of Metadata: Systematic Review |
| URI | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35014967 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2624039116 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2618915042 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PMC8790684 |
| Volume | 24 |
| WOSCitedRecordID | wos000766783100002&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com%2F%23%21%2Fsearch%3Fho%3Df%26include.ft.matches%3Dt%26l%3Dnull%26q%3D |
| hasFullText | 1 |
| inHoldings | 1 |
| isFullTextHit | |
| isPrint | |
| journalDatabaseRights | – providerCode: PRVAON databaseName: Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) customDbUrl: eissn: 1438-8871 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0020491 issn: 1438-8871 databaseCode: DOA dateStart: 19990101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.doaj.org/ providerName: Directory of Open Access Journals – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Health & Medical Collection customDbUrl: eissn: 1438-8871 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0020491 issn: 1438-8871 databaseCode: 7X7 dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/healthcomplete providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Library Science Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1438-8871 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0020491 issn: 1438-8871 databaseCode: M1O dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/libraryscience providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Nursing & Allied Health Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1438-8871 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0020491 issn: 1438-8871 databaseCode: 7RV dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://search.proquest.com/nahs providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: ProQuest Central customDbUrl: eissn: 1438-8871 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0020491 issn: 1438-8871 databaseCode: BENPR dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: https://www.proquest.com/central providerName: ProQuest – providerCode: PRVPQU databaseName: Publicly Available Content Database customDbUrl: eissn: 1438-8871 dateEnd: 99991231 omitProxy: false ssIdentifier: ssj0020491 issn: 1438-8871 databaseCode: PIMPY dateStart: 20010101 isFulltext: true titleUrlDefault: http://search.proquest.com/publiccontent providerName: ProQuest |
| link | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMwpV3db9QwDLfYDU1IiI8xoLCdAprgqVrTpknKCxpoE3u4ctoYOp6qXJvAJNSO9Y6_H7uXK9c98MJLHhpXTeo4thP7Z4DDNLJuLjhabnEao4NSRWEmK_R5Ep7M0cA3gpuu2ITKcz2bZVN_4Nb6sMr1ntht1FVT0hn5USwJOQ5FU76__hVS1Si6XfUlNLZgm5DKxAi2P5zk0_Pe5UL7l-_AfQp4xqV2RHhc0UAD3d6HNxTRMEhyQ-ucPvzf8T6CB97eZMerBfIY7th6Fw58tgJ7w3w6ErGHeTnfhZ2Jv3F_AupyM_uFobnI8g4LlDWOTezCUIjpO3bRA0Kz1W3DHlyennz5-Cn0xRbCUmTxIkyFEhWyLYkqYVyKOoyQAZ22Nk1s5CrpjIi5jGyi8YUSdas2sVVoIjgjeWWSpzCqm9o-B4YmhkmlcEaJTMy1m2vrsoSXkUXvRFkVwOGaAUXpkcipIMbPAj0S4lPR8SmAcU92vYLeuE3wmrhXEIxFTXEy382ybYuzi7w4xj0-xUkkSQBvPZFr8COl8WkHOFRCvhpQ7g8oUc7KYfea0YWX87b4y-UAXvXd9CbFrtW2WRIN1xna3SIO4NlqTfXz6a51M4m_RA1WW09A6N_DnvrqR4cCrlUWSS1e_HtYL-FeTAkbEQ8534fR4mZpD-Bu-Xtx1d6MYUudf6V2prpWj70AjbuzCWwn_DM-m55Npt_-APHbJUo |
| linkProvider | ProQuest |
| linkToHtml | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VggoS4lFegbYY1MIpauw4cYKEUAVUXbUbIdqi3oI3saESSkqzC-JP8RuZSbxh0wO3Hjh7ktjOl3nEM98AbEaBsRPJ0XMTkcAApQz8NC4x5gl5OEEHX0uu22YTKsuSk5P0wxL8ntfCUFrlXCe2irqsC_pHvi1iYo7DTzN-c_bdp65RdLo6b6HRwWLf_PqJIVvzevQO3--WELvvj97u-a6rgF_IVEz9SCpZ4vzCoJTaRqisiQLPJsZEoQlsGVstBY8DEyZ4QYFGJNHCKLSFVse81CHe9wpcRT3OKYVMffzUB3jobfMVuEnp1QjsbWL_Cgb27qLWXzB7w5TMBRu3e_t_2507cMt502yng_9dWDLVKqy7Wgz2grliKwIfc1psFVbGLp_gHqjjxdoehs4wy1qmU1ZbNjZTTQm0r9hhT3fNurOU-3B8Kct6AMtVXZlHwNCB0lEsrVYylZPEThJj05AXgcHYSxnlweb8heeF41mndh_fcoy3CBd5iwsPNnqxs45Y5KLAc0JLTiQdFWUBfdGzpslHh1m-gxYswkWEoQcvnZCt8SGFdkUVOFXi9RpIrg0kUYsUw-E5sHKnxZr8L6o8eNYP05WUmVeZekYyPEkxqpDCg4cdhvv1tIfWaYxbogbo7gWI23w4Up1-bTnOE5UGcSIf_3taT-H63tH4ID8YZftP4Iag0pSA-5yvwfL0fGbW4VrxY3ranG-0HyqDz5eN_T_RCXuQ |
| linkToPdf | http://cvtisr.summon.serialssolutions.com/2.0.0/link/0/eLvHCXMw1V1Lb9QwEB6VFq0qIR6FQqAtBhU4RRs7zgsJoYqyYlU2WqlUak_Bm9hQCSWluwvir_HrmEmcsOmBWw-cPdm148_ziGe-AdgPPG1mkqPnJgKBAUrhuUlYYMzjc3-GDr6SXNXNJqI0jU9Pk-ka_G5rYSitstWJtaIuqpy-kQ9FSMxxeDTDobFpEdPD0duL7y51kKKb1radRgORI_3rJ4Zv8zfjQ9zrF0KM3n9698G1HQbcXCZi4QYykgXO1fcKqUyAipvo8EysdeBrzxShUVLw0NN-jA_kaFBiJXSEdtGokBfKx9-9ARvokks8YxvT8WR61oV76HvzAdyiZGuE-ZC4wLye9btqA1aMYD9Bc8Xije78z-_qLty2fjY7aA7GPVjT5Rbs2ioN9pLZMiyCJbP6bQsGE5tpcB-ik9WqH4ZuMktrDlRWGTbRC0Wpta_ZcUeEzZpblgdwci3L2ob1sir1I2DoWqkglEZFMpGz2MxibRKf557GqCzSkQP77eZnuWVgp0Yg3zKMxAgjWY0RB_Y6sYuGcuSqwHNCTkb0HSVt7he1nM-z8XGaHaBtC3ARvu_AKytkKvyTXNlyC5wqMX71JHd6kqhf8v5wC7LM6rd59hdhDjzrhulJytkrdbUkGR4nGG9I4cDDBs_deurr7CTEVxL1kN4JEOt5f6Q8_1qzn8dR4oWxfPzvaT2FAUI--zhOj57ApqCaFY-7nO_A-uJyqXfhZv5jcT6_3LOnlsHn6wb_H3B1hbM |
| openUrl | ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Nature+of+Metadata%3A+Systematic+Review&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+medical+Internet+research&rft.au=Ulrich%2C+Hannes&rft.au=Kock-Schoppenhauer%2C+Ann-Kristin&rft.au=Deppenwiese%2C+Noemi&rft.au=G%C3%B6tt%2C+Robert&rft.date=2022-01-11&rft.pub=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.issn=1439-4456&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.2196%2F25440&rft.externalDBID=ISN&rft.externalDocID=A762556733 |
| thumbnail_l | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/lc.gif&issn=1438-8871&client=summon |
| thumbnail_m | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/mc.gif&issn=1438-8871&client=summon |
| thumbnail_s | http://covers-cdn.summon.serialssolutions.com/index.aspx?isbn=/sc.gif&issn=1438-8871&client=summon |