Understanding the Nature of Metadata: Systematic Review

Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensiv...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Journal of medical Internet research Jg. 24; H. 1; S. e25440
Hauptverfasser:	Ulrich, Hannes, Kock-Schoppenhauer, Ann-Kristin, Deppenwiese, Noemi, Gött, Robert, Kern, Jori, Lablans, Martin, Majeed, Raphael W, Stöhr, Mark R, Stausberg, Jürgen, Varghese, Julian, Dugas, Martin, Ingenerf, Josef
Format:	Journal Article
Sprache:	Englisch
Veröffentlicht:	Canada Journal of Medical Internet Research 11.01.2022 Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor JMIR Publications
Schlagworte:	Automation Classification Data processing Definitions Harmonization Health informatics Humans Interoperability Literary criticism Literature reviews Meta-analysis Metadata Multimedia Reference Standards Research applications Reuse Review Robotics Semantics Subject specialists Systematic review Text analysis Understanding metadata definition data identification metadata systematic review data integration data classification
ISSN:	1438-8871, 1439-4456, 1438-8871
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Abstract	Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous. This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse. A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used. The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas. Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context.
AbstractList	Background: Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term “metadata” and its use is not always unambiguous. Objective: This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used. Results: The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas. Conclusions: Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous. This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse. A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used. The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas. Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous.BACKGROUNDMetadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous.This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse.OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse.A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used.METHODSA systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used.The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas.RESULTSThe harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas.Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context.CONCLUSIONSMetadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context. Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for example, data identification and classification. However, a clear definition of metadata is crucial for further use. Unfortunately, extensive experience with the processing and management of metadata has shown that the term "metadata" and its use is not always unambiguous. This study aimed to understand the definition of metadata and the challenges resulting from metadata reuse. A systematic literature search was performed in this study following the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines for reporting on systematic reviews. Five research questions were identified to streamline the review process, addressing metadata characteristics, metadata standards, use cases, and problems encountered. This review was preceded by a harmonization process to achieve a general understanding of the terms used. The harmonization process resulted in a clear set of definitions for metadata processing focusing on data integration. The following literature review was conducted by 10 reviewers with different backgrounds and using the harmonized definitions. This study included 81 peer-reviewed papers from the last decade after applying various filtering steps to identify the most relevant papers. The 5 research questions could be answered, resulting in a broad overview of the standards, use cases, problems, and corresponding solutions for the application of metadata in different research areas. Metadata can be a powerful tool for identifying, describing, and processing information, but its meaningful creation is costly and challenging. This review process uncovered many standards, use cases, problems, and solutions for dealing with metadata. The presented harmonized definitions and the new schema have the potential to improve the classification and generation of metadata by creating a shared understanding of metadata and its context.
Audience	Academic
Author	Gött, Robert Ingenerf, Josef Ulrich, Hannes Kern, Jori Majeed, Raphael W Dugas, Martin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Ann-Kristin Stöhr, Mark R Deppenwiese, Noemi Stausberg, Jürgen Lablans, Martin Varghese, Julian
AuthorAffiliation	8 Institute of Medical Informatics University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany 3 Chair of Medical Informatics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany 6 Complex Data Processing in Medical Informatics University Medical Center Mannheim Mannheim Germany 11 Institute of Medical Informatics Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany 1 IT Center for Clinical Research University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany 5 Federated Information Systems German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany 10 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Münster Münster Germany 2 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany 7 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center German Center for Lung Research Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Germany 9 Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany 4 Department Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, Institute for Community Medicine Un
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 1 IT Center for Clinical Research University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany – name: 5 Federated Information Systems German Cancer Research Center Heidelberg Germany – name: 2 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Lübeck Lübeck Germany – name: 9 Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen Essen Germany – name: 11 Institute of Medical Informatics Heidelberg University Hospital Heidelberg Germany – name: 7 Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center German Center for Lung Research Justus-Liebig-University Giessen Germany – name: 8 Institute of Medical Informatics University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen Germany – name: 6 Complex Data Processing in Medical Informatics University Medical Center Mannheim Mannheim Germany – name: 10 Institute of Medical Informatics University of Münster Münster Germany – name: 3 Chair of Medical Informatics Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Erlangen Germany – name: 4 Department Epidemiology of Health Care and Community Health, Institute for Community Medicine University Medicine Greifswald Greifswald Germany
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BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35014967$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright	Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. COPYRIGHT 2022 Journal of Medical Internet Research 2022. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. 2022
Copyright_xml	– notice: Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. – notice: COPYRIGHT 2022 Journal of Medical Internet Research – notice: 2022. This work is licensed under https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License. – notice: Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. 2022
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License	Hannes Ulrich, Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer, Noemi Deppenwiese, Robert Gött, Jori Kern, Martin Lablans, Raphael W Majeed, Mark R Stöhr, Jürgen Stausberg, Julian Varghese, Martin Dugas, Josef Ingenerf. Originally published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research (https://www.jmir.org), 11.01.2022. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://www.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.
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Publisher	Journal of Medical Internet Research Gunther Eysenbach MD MPH, Associate Professor JMIR Publications
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Snippet	Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research areas, for... Background Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different research... Background: Metadata are created to describe the corresponding data in a detailed and unambiguous way and is used for various applications in different...
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SubjectTerms	Automation Classification Data processing Definitions Harmonization Health informatics Humans Interoperability Literary criticism Literature reviews Meta-analysis Metadata Multimedia Reference Standards Research applications Reuse Review Robotics Semantics Subject specialists Systematic review Text analysis Understanding
Title	Understanding the Nature of Metadata: Systematic Review
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