Occurrence of the antidiabetic drug Metformin and its ultimate transformation product Guanylurea in several compartments of the aquatic cycle

In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin – the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II – is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformi...

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Vydané v:	Environment international Ročník 70; s. 203 - 212
Hlavní autori:	Trautwein, Christoph, Berset, Jean-Daniel, Wolschke, Hendrik, Kümmerer, Klaus
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	English
Vydavateľské údaje:	Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2014 Elsevier
Predmet:	Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Applied sciences Bacteria Bacteria - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Biotransformation drinking Drinking water Drinking Water - analysis Drinking Water - microbiology Drugs Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Emerging contaminants Environmental Monitoring Environmental pollutants toxicology Exact sciences and technology food chain Fresh water environment Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology humans hydrologic cycle Hypoglycemic Agents - analysis Hypoglycemic Agents - metabolism Kinetics Lake Constance Lakes liquid chromatography Marine and brackish environment mass spectrometry Medical sciences Metformin Metformin - analysis Metformin - metabolism Natural water pollution noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus North Sea oceans oral administration people Pharmaceuticals Pollution Rivers Rivers - chemistry Rivers - microbiology screening Seawater sewage Sewage - chemistry Sewage - microbiology sewage treatment tap water Thiourea - analysis Toxicology Transformations Waste water Water Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism Water treatment and pollution World Health Organization Europe Germany ANE, North Sea Europe, Constance L Europe, Elbe R Lake Constance North Sea Drinking water Pollution Emerging contaminants Waste water Seawater Pharmaceuticals Drug Transformation Pollutant behavior Metabolite Cycle Trophic chain Hypoglycemic agent Water pollution Metformin Contaminant Public health Chemical contamination
ISSN:	0160-4120, 1873-6750, 1873-6750
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Popis
Shrnutí:	In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin – the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II – is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformin (Met) is not metabolized by humans but passes through the body unchanged. Entering aquatic compartments, such as in sewage, it can be bacterially transformed to the ultimate transformation product Guanylurea (Gua). Sampling over one week (n=5) from a Southern German sewage treatment plant revealed very high average (AV) concentrations in influent (AVMet=111,800ng/L, AVGua=1300ng/L) and effluent samples (AVMet=4800ng/L, AVGua=44,000ng/L). To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2–10ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n=11: AVMet=102ng/L, AVGua=16ng/L), river Elbe (n=12: AVMet=472ng/L, AVGua=9ng/L), river Weser (n=6: AVMet=349ng/L, AVGua=137ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n=14: AVMet=13ng/L, AVGua=11ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2ng/L and 61ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain. •New HPLC–MS/MS method for Metformin and Guanylurea with minimal LOQs•First detection of both compounds in German rivers Elbe and Weser•First detection in marine environments until 200km North Sea offshore•First detection in multinational Lake Constance and derived drinking water•Absence proof of any efficient degradation process suggests ubiquitous distribution.
Bibliografia:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0160-4120 1873-6750 1873-6750
DOI:	10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.008