Occurrence of the antidiabetic drug Metformin and its ultimate transformation product Guanylurea in several compartments of the aquatic cycle
In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin – the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II – is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformi...
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| Published in: | Environment international Vol. 70; pp. 203 - 212 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors: | , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Elsevier Ltd
01.09.2014
Elsevier |
| Subjects: | |
| ISSN: | 0160-4120, 1873-6750, 1873-6750 |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Abstract | In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin – the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II – is anticipated to see a spike in production.
Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformin (Met) is not metabolized by humans but passes through the body unchanged. Entering aquatic compartments, such as in sewage, it can be bacterially transformed to the ultimate transformation product Guanylurea (Gua).
Sampling over one week (n=5) from a Southern German sewage treatment plant revealed very high average (AV) concentrations in influent (AVMet=111,800ng/L, AVGua=1300ng/L) and effluent samples (AVMet=4800ng/L, AVGua=44,000ng/L).
To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2–10ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n=11: AVMet=102ng/L, AVGua=16ng/L), river Elbe (n=12: AVMet=472ng/L, AVGua=9ng/L), river Weser (n=6: AVMet=349ng/L, AVGua=137ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n=14: AVMet=13ng/L, AVGua=11ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2ng/L and 61ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain.
•New HPLC–MS/MS method for Metformin and Guanylurea with minimal LOQs•First detection of both compounds in German rivers Elbe and Weser•First detection in marine environments until 200km North Sea offshore•First detection in multinational Lake Constance and derived drinking water•Absence proof of any efficient degradation process suggests ubiquitous distribution. |
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| AbstractList | In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin - the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II - is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformin (Met) is not metabolized by humans but passes through the body unchanged. Entering aquatic compartments, such as in sewage, it can be bacterially transformed to the ultimate transformation product Guanylurea (Gua). Sampling over one week (n=5) from a Southern German sewage treatment plant revealed very high average (AV) concentrations in influent (AVMet =111,800ng/L, AVGua =1300ng/L) and effluent samples (AVMet =4800ng/L, AVGua =44,000ng/L). To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2-10ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n=11: AVMet =102ng/L, AVGua =16ng/L), river Elbe (n=12: AVMet =472ng/L, AVGua =9ng/L), river Weser (n=6: AVMet =349ng/L, AVGua =137ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n=14: AVMet =13ng/L, AVGua =11ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2ng/L and 61ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain. In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350 million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin - the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II - is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformin (Met) is not metabolized by humans but passes through the body unchanged. Entering aquatic compartments, such as in sewage, it can be bacterially transformed to the ultimate transformation product Guanylurea (Gua). Sampling over one week (n=5) from a Southern German sewage treatment plant revealed very high average (AV) concentrations in influent (AVMet=111,800ng/L, AVGua=1300ng/L) and effluent samples (AVMet=4800ng/L, AVGua=44,000ng/L). To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2-10ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n=11: AVMet=102ng/L, AVGua=16ng/L), river Elbe (n=12: AVMet=472ng/L, AVGua=9ng/L), river Weser (n=6: AVMet=349ng/L, AVGua=137ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n=14: AVMet=13ng/L, AVGua=11ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2ng/L and 61ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain.In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350 million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin - the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II - is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformin (Met) is not metabolized by humans but passes through the body unchanged. Entering aquatic compartments, such as in sewage, it can be bacterially transformed to the ultimate transformation product Guanylurea (Gua). Sampling over one week (n=5) from a Southern German sewage treatment plant revealed very high average (AV) concentrations in influent (AVMet=111,800ng/L, AVGua=1300ng/L) and effluent samples (AVMet=4800ng/L, AVGua=44,000ng/L). To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2-10ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n=11: AVMet=102ng/L, AVGua=16ng/L), river Elbe (n=12: AVMet=472ng/L, AVGua=9ng/L), river Weser (n=6: AVMet=349ng/L, AVGua=137ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n=14: AVMet=13ng/L, AVGua=11ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2ng/L and 61ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain. In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin – the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II – is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformin (Met) is not metabolized by humans but passes through the body unchanged. Entering aquatic compartments, such as in sewage, it can be bacterially transformed to the ultimate transformation product Guanylurea (Gua). Sampling over one week (n=5) from a Southern German sewage treatment plant revealed very high average (AV) concentrations in influent (AVMet=111,800ng/L, AVGua=1300ng/L) and effluent samples (AVMet=4800ng/L, AVGua=44,000ng/L). To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2–10ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n=11: AVMet=102ng/L, AVGua=16ng/L), river Elbe (n=12: AVMet=472ng/L, AVGua=9ng/L), river Weser (n=6: AVMet=349ng/L, AVGua=137ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n=14: AVMet=13ng/L, AVGua=11ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2ng/L and 61ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain. •New HPLC–MS/MS method for Metformin and Guanylurea with minimal LOQs•First detection of both compounds in German rivers Elbe and Weser•First detection in marine environments until 200km North Sea offshore•First detection in multinational Lake Constance and derived drinking water•Absence proof of any efficient degradation process suggests ubiquitous distribution. In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350 million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin - the biguanide drug of choice orally administered for diabetes type II - is anticipated to see a spike in production. Unlike many pharmaceutical drugs, Metformin (Met) is not metabolized by humans but passes through the body unchanged. Entering aquatic compartments, such as in sewage, it can be bacterially transformed to the ultimate transformation product Guanylurea (Gua). Sampling over one week (n=5) from a Southern German sewage treatment plant revealed very high average (AV) concentrations in influent (AVMet=111,800ng/L, AVGua=1300ng/L) and effluent samples (AVMet=4800ng/L, AVGua=44,000ng/L). To provide a more complete picture of the distribution and potential persistence of these compounds in the German water cycle, a new, efficient and highly sensitive liquid chromatography mass spectrometric method with direct injection was used for the measurement of Metformin and Guanylurea in drinking, surface, sewage and seawater. Limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 2-10ng/L allowed the detection of Metformin and Guanylurea in different locations such as: Lake Constance (n=11: AVMet=102ng/L, AVGua=16ng/L), river Elbe (n=12: AVMet=472ng/L, AVGua=9ng/L), river Weser (n=6: AVMet=349ng/L, AVGua=137ng/L) and for the first time in marine North Sea water (n=14: AVMet=13ng/L, AVGua=11ng/L). Based on daily water discharges, Metformin loads of 15.2kg/d (Elbe) and 6.4kg/d (Weser) into the North Sea were calculated. Lake Constance is used to abstract potable water which is further purified to be used as drinking water. A first screening of two tap water samples contained 2ng/L and 61ng/L of Metformin, respectively. The results of this study suggest that Metformin and Guanylurea could be distributed over a large fraction of the world's potable water sources and oceans. With no natural degradation processes, these compounds can be easily reintroduced to humans as they enter the food chain. |
| Author | Kümmerer, Klaus Trautwein, Christoph Wolschke, Hendrik Berset, Jean-Daniel |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: Christoph surname: Trautwein fullname: Trautwein, Christoph email: christoph.trautwein@imtek.uni-freiburg.de organization: Chair of Microsystem Simulation, IMTEK, Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 103 DG, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany – sequence: 2 givenname: Jean-Daniel surname: Berset fullname: Berset, Jean-Daniel email: jean-daniel.berset@bve.be.ch organization: Office of Water and Waste Management (AWA), Water and Soil Protection Laboratory (WSPL), Schermenweg 11, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: Hendrik surname: Wolschke fullname: Wolschke, Hendrik email: hendrik.wolschke@hzg.de organization: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany – sequence: 4 givenname: Klaus surname: Kümmerer fullname: Kümmerer, Klaus email: klaus.kuemmerer@uni.leuphana.de organization: Sustainable Chemistry and Material Resources, Institute of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University Lüneburg, Scharnhorststrasse 1, D-21335 Lüneburg, Germany |
| BackLink | http://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=28605508$$DView record in Pascal Francis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954924$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| ContentType | Journal Article |
| Copyright | 2014 Elsevier Ltd 2015 INIST-CNRS Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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| Keywords | Drinking water Pollution Emerging contaminants Waste water Seawater Pharmaceuticals Drug Transformation Pollutant behavior Metabolite Cycle Trophic chain Hypoglycemic agent Water pollution Metformin Contaminant Public health Chemical contamination |
| Language | English |
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| Snippet | In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin – the biguanide drug... In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350 million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin - the biguanide... In 2030, the World Health Organization estimates that more than 350million people will be diagnosed with diabetes. Consequently, Metformin - the biguanide drug... |
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| SubjectTerms | Animal, plant and microbial ecology Applied ecology Applied sciences Bacteria Bacteria - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Biotransformation drinking Drinking water Drinking Water - analysis Drinking Water - microbiology Drugs Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution Emerging contaminants Environmental Monitoring Environmental pollutants toxicology Exact sciences and technology food chain Fresh water environment Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology humans hydrologic cycle Hypoglycemic Agents - analysis Hypoglycemic Agents - metabolism Kinetics Lake Constance Lakes liquid chromatography Marine and brackish environment mass spectrometry Medical sciences Metformin Metformin - analysis Metformin - metabolism Natural water pollution noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus North Sea oceans oral administration people Pharmaceuticals Pollution Rivers Rivers - chemistry Rivers - microbiology screening Seawater sewage Sewage - chemistry Sewage - microbiology sewage treatment tap water Thiourea - analysis Toxicology Transformations Waste water Water Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - metabolism Water treatment and pollution World Health Organization |
| Title | Occurrence of the antidiabetic drug Metformin and its ultimate transformation product Guanylurea in several compartments of the aquatic cycle |
| URI | https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.008 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954924 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1543685495 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1627980118 https://www.proquest.com/docview/1642286247 https://www.proquest.com/docview/2000314926 |
| Volume | 70 |
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