Quantitative description of proton exchange processes between water and endogenous and exogenous agents for WEX, CEST, and APT experiments

The proton exchange processes between water and solutes containing exchangeable protons have recently become of interest for monitoring pH effects, detecting cellular mobile proteins and peptides, and enhancing the detection sensitivity of various low‐concentration endogenous and exogenous species....

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Vydáno v:	Magnetic resonance in medicine Ročník 51; číslo 5; s. 945 - 952
Hlavní autoři:	Zhou, Jinyuan, Wilson, David A., Sun, Phillip Zhe, Klaus, Judith A., van Zijl, Peter C.M.
Médium:	Journal Article
Jazyk:	angličtina
Vydáno:	Hoboken Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company 01.05.2004
Témata:	amide proton Animals APT Brain CEST Ion Exchange ischemia Magnetic Resonance Imaging magnetization transfer mobile protein Models, Theoretical pH imaging proton exchange Protons Rats WEX
ISSN:	0740-3194, 1522-2594
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Abstract	The proton exchange processes between water and solutes containing exchangeable protons have recently become of interest for monitoring pH effects, detecting cellular mobile proteins and peptides, and enhancing the detection sensitivity of various low‐concentration endogenous and exogenous species. In this work, the analytic expressions for water exchange (WEX) filter spectroscopy, chemical exchange‐dependent saturation transfer (CEST), and amide proton transfer (APT) experiments are derived by the use of Bloch equations with exchange terms. The effects of the initial states for the system, the difference between a steady state and a saturation state, and the relative contributions of the forward and backward exchange processes are discussed. The theory, in combination with numerical calculations, provides a useful tool for designing experimental schemes and assessing magnetization transfer (MT) processes between water protons and solvent‐exchangeable protons. As an example, the case of endogenous amide proton exchange in the rat brain at 4.7 T is analyzed in detail. Magn Reson Med 51:945–952, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AbstractList	The proton exchange processes between water and solutes containing exchangeable protons have recently become of interest for monitoring pH effects, detecting cellular mobile proteins and peptides, and enhancing the detection sensitivity of various low-concentration endogenous and exogenous species. In this work, the analytic expressions for water exchange (WEX) filter spectroscopy, chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer (CEST), and amide proton transfer (APT) experiments are derived by the use of Bloch equations with exchange terms. The effects of the initial states for the system, the difference between a steady state and a saturation state, and the relative contributions of the forward and backward exchange processes are discussed. The theory, in combination with numerical calculations, provides a useful tool for designing experimental schemes and assessing magnetization transfer (MT) processes between water protons and solvent-exchangeable protons. As an example, the case of endogenous amide proton exchange in the rat brain at 4.7 T is analyzed in detail. The proton exchange processes between water and solutes containing exchangeable protons have recently become of interest for monitoring pH effects, detecting cellular mobile proteins and peptides, and enhancing the detection sensitivity of various low-concentration endogenous and exogenous species. In this work, the analytic expressions for water exchange (WEX) filter spectroscopy, chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer (CEST), and amide proton transfer (APT) experiments are derived by the use of Bloch equations with exchange terms. The effects of the initial states for the system, the difference between a steady state and a saturation state, and the relative contributions of the forward and backward exchange processes are discussed. The theory, in combination with numerical calculations, provides a useful tool for designing experimental schemes and assessing magnetization transfer (MT) processes between water protons and solvent-exchangeable protons. As an example, the case of endogenous amide proton exchange in the rat brain at 4.7 T is analyzed in detail.The proton exchange processes between water and solutes containing exchangeable protons have recently become of interest for monitoring pH effects, detecting cellular mobile proteins and peptides, and enhancing the detection sensitivity of various low-concentration endogenous and exogenous species. In this work, the analytic expressions for water exchange (WEX) filter spectroscopy, chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer (CEST), and amide proton transfer (APT) experiments are derived by the use of Bloch equations with exchange terms. The effects of the initial states for the system, the difference between a steady state and a saturation state, and the relative contributions of the forward and backward exchange processes are discussed. The theory, in combination with numerical calculations, provides a useful tool for designing experimental schemes and assessing magnetization transfer (MT) processes between water protons and solvent-exchangeable protons. As an example, the case of endogenous amide proton exchange in the rat brain at 4.7 T is analyzed in detail. The proton exchange processes between water and solutes containing exchangeable protons have recently become of interest for monitoring pH effects, detecting cellular mobile proteins and peptides, and enhancing the detection sensitivity of various low‐concentration endogenous and exogenous species. In this work, the analytic expressions for water exchange (WEX) filter spectroscopy, chemical exchange‐dependent saturation transfer (CEST), and amide proton transfer (APT) experiments are derived by the use of Bloch equations with exchange terms. The effects of the initial states for the system, the difference between a steady state and a saturation state, and the relative contributions of the forward and backward exchange processes are discussed. The theory, in combination with numerical calculations, provides a useful tool for designing experimental schemes and assessing magnetization transfer (MT) processes between water protons and solvent‐exchangeable protons. As an example, the case of endogenous amide proton exchange in the rat brain at 4.7 T is analyzed in detail. Magn Reson Med 51:945–952, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Author	Sun, Phillip Zhe Wilson, David A. Klaus, Judith A. van Zijl, Peter C.M. Zhou, Jinyuan
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Jinyuan surname: Zhou fullname: Zhou, Jinyuan email: jzhou@mri.jhu.edu organization: Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland – sequence: 2 givenname: David A. surname: Wilson fullname: Wilson, David A. organization: Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland – sequence: 3 givenname: Phillip Zhe surname: Sun fullname: Sun, Phillip Zhe organization: Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland – sequence: 4 givenname: Judith A. surname: Klaus fullname: Klaus, Judith A. organization: Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland – sequence: 5 givenname: Peter C.M. surname: van Zijl fullname: van Zijl, Peter C.M. organization: Division of MRI Research, Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
BackLink	https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15122676$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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PublicationDate_xml	– month: 05 year: 2004 text: May 2004
PublicationDecade	2000
PublicationPlace	Hoboken
PublicationPlace_xml	– name: Hoboken – name: United States
PublicationTitle	Magnetic resonance in medicine
PublicationTitleAlternate	Magn. Reson. Med
PublicationYear	2004
Publisher	Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
Publisher_xml	– name: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company
References	Frahm J, Michaelis T, Merboldt KD, Bruhn H, Gyngell ML, Hanicke W. Improvements in localized proton NMR spectroscopy of human brain. Water suppression, short echo times, and 1 ml resolution. J Magn Reson 1990; 90: 464-473. Henkelman RM, Huang X, Xiang Q-S, Stanisz GJ, Swanson SD, Bronskill MJ. Quantitative interpretation of magnetization transfer. Magn Reson Med 1993; 29: 759-766. Wolff SD, Balaban RS. NMR imaging of labile proton exchange. J Magn Reson 1990; 86: 164-169. Goffeney N, Bulte JWM, Duyn J, Bryant LH, van Zijl PCM. Sensitive NMR detection of cationic-polymer-based gene delivery systems using saturation transfer via proton exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 8628-8629. Kintner DB, Anderson ME, Sailor KA, Dienel G, Fitzpatrick JrJH, Gilboe DD. In vivo microdialysis of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate into brain: a novel method for the measurement of interstitial pH using 31P-NMR. J Neurochem 1999; 72: 405-412. Raghunand N, Howison C, Sherry AD, Zhang SR, Gillies RJ. Renal and systemic pH imaging by contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 249-257. Balaban RS, Ceckler TL. Magnetization transfer contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Q 1992; 8: 116-137. van Zijl PCM, Zhou J, Mori N, Payen J, Mori S. Mechanism of magnetization transfer during on-resonance water saturation: a new approach to detect mobile proteins, peptides, and lipids. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 440-449. Gochberg DF, Kennan RP, Maryanski MJ, Gore JC. The role of specific side groups and pH in magnetization transfer in polymers. J Magn Reson 1998; 131: 191-198. Englander SW, Downer NW, Teitelbaum H. Hydrogen exchange. Annu Rev Biochem 1972; 41: 903-924. Liepinsh E, Otting G. Proton exchange rates from amino acid side chains-implication for image contrast. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35: 30-42. Guivel-Scharen V, Sinnwell T, Wolff SD, Balaban RS. Detection of proton chemical exchange between metabolites and water in biological tissues. J Magn Reson 1998; 133: 36-45. McGowan JC, Leigh JS. Selective saturation in magnetization transfer experiments. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 517-522. Mori S, Eleff SM, Pilatus U, Mori N, van Zijl PCM. Proton NMR spectroscopy of solvent-saturable resonance: a new approach to study pH effects in situ. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40: 36-42. Wuthrich K. NMR of proteins and nucleic acids. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1986. Zhou J, Lal B, Wilson DA, Laterra J, van Zijl PCM. Amide proton transfer (APT) contrast for imaging of brain tumors. Magn Reson Med 2003; 50: 1120-1126. Ward KM, Aletras AH, Balaban RS. A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST). J Magn Reson 2000; 143: 79-87. Helpern JA, Curtis JC, Hearshen D, Smith MB, Welch KMA. The development of a pH-sensitive contrast agent for NMR 1H imaging. Magn Reson Med 1987; 5: 302-305. Barker PB, Butterworth EJ, Boska MD, Nelson J, Welch KMA. Magnesium and pH imaging of the human brain at 3.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41: 400-406. Zhou J, Fu R, Hu J, Li L, Ye C. Measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times of C-13 in organic solids. Solid State NMR 1997; 7: 291-299. Forsen S, Hoffman RA. Study of moderately rapid chemical exchange reactions by means of nuclear magnetic double resonance. J Chem Phys 1963; 39: 2892-2901. Zhang S, Winter P, Wu K, Sherry AD. A novel europium(III)-based MRI contrast agent. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 1517-1578. Mori S, Abeygunawardana C, van Zijl PCM, Berg JM. Water exchange filter with improved sensitivity (WEX II) to study solvent-exchangeable protons: application to the consensus zinc finger peptide CP-1. J Magn Reson B 1996; 110: 96-101. Mori S, Abeygunawardana C, Berg JM, van Zijl PCM. NMR study of rapidly exchanging backbone amide protons in staphylococcal nuclease and the correlation with structural and dynamic properties. J Am Chem Soc 1997; 119: 6844-6852. Hwang JH, Graham GD, Behar KL, Alger JR, Prichard JW, Rothman DL. Short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of macromolecule and metabolite signal intensities in the human brain. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35: 633-639. Pfeuffer J, Tkac I, Provencher SW, Gruetter R. Toward an in vivo neurochemical profile: quantification of 18 metabolites in short-echo-time 1H NMR spectra of the rat brain. J Magn Reson 1999; 141: 104-120. Dagher AP, Aletras A, Choyke P, Balaban RS. Imaging of urea using chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer at 1.5T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 12: 745-748. Kauppinen RA, Kokko H, Williams SR. Detection of mobile proteins by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the guinea pig brain ex vivo and their partial purification. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 967-974. Aime S, Barge A, Delli Castelli D, Fedeli F, Mortillaro A, Nielsen FU, Terreno E. Paramagnetic Lanthanide(III) complexes as pH-sensitive chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents for MRI applications. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47: 639-648. Wu X, Listinsky JJ. Effects of transverse cross relaxation on magnetization transfer. J Magn Reson B 1994; 105: 73-76. Zhou J, Payen J, Wilson DA, Traystman RJ, van Zijl PCM. Using the amide proton signals of intracellular proteins and peptides to detect pH effects in MRI. Nat Med 2003; 9: 1085-1090. Ward KM, Balaban RS. Determination of pH using water protons and chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST). Magn Reson Med 2000; 44: 799-802. Kingsley PB, Monahan WG. Effects of off-resonance irradiation, cross-relaxation, and chemical exchange on steady-state magnetization and effective spin-lattice relaxation times. J Magn Reson 2000; 143: 360-375. Behar KL, Ogino T. Characterization of macromolecule resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of rat brain. Magn Reson Med 1993; 30: 38-44. Kingsley PB, Monahan WG. Correction for off-resonance effects and incomplete saturation in conventional (two-site) saturation-transfer kinetic measurements. Magn Reson Med 2000; 43: 810-819. Snoussi K, Bulte JWM, Gueron M, van Zijl PCM. Sensitive CEST agents based on nucleic acid imino proton exchange: detection of poly(rU) and of a dendrimer-poly(rU) model for nucleic acid delivery and pharmacology. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 998-1005. Jeener J, Meier BH, Bachmann P, Ernst RR. Investigation of exchange processes by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1979; 71: 4546-4553. 2001; 123 1993; 29 1997; 119 2000; 43 1987; 5 2000; 44 1999; 141 1992; 58 1999; 41 1972; 41 2003 1998; 133 1996; 35 1998; 40 2003; 50 1979; 71 1998; 131 1997; 7 1990; 86 2002; 47 1992; 8 1994; 105 2001 2000; 12 2003; 9 1993; 30 1986 2003; 49 1996; 110 2000; 143 1999; 72 1990; 90 1963; 39 1994; 32 e_1_2_5_26_2 Balaban RS (e_1_2_5_27_2) 1992; 8 e_1_2_5_24_2 e_1_2_5_25_2 e_1_2_5_22_2 e_1_2_5_23_2 e_1_2_5_20_2 e_1_2_5_21_2 e_1_2_5_28_2 e_1_2_5_29_2 e_1_2_5_40_2 e_1_2_5_14_2 e_1_2_5_37_2 e_1_2_5_13_2 e_1_2_5_38_2 e_1_2_5_9_2 e_1_2_5_16_2 e_1_2_5_35_2 e_1_2_5_8_2 e_1_2_5_15_2 e_1_2_5_36_2 e_1_2_5_7_2 e_1_2_5_10_2 e_1_2_5_33_2 e_1_2_5_6_2 e_1_2_5_34_2 e_1_2_5_5_2 e_1_2_5_12_2 e_1_2_5_31_2 e_1_2_5_4_2 e_1_2_5_11_2 e_1_2_5_32_2 e_1_2_5_3_2 e_1_2_5_2_2 e_1_2_5_18_2 e_1_2_5_17_2 e_1_2_5_39_2 e_1_2_5_19_2 e_1_2_5_30_2
References_xml	– reference: Kingsley PB, Monahan WG. Effects of off-resonance irradiation, cross-relaxation, and chemical exchange on steady-state magnetization and effective spin-lattice relaxation times. J Magn Reson 2000; 143: 360-375. – reference: Zhou J, Payen J, Wilson DA, Traystman RJ, van Zijl PCM. Using the amide proton signals of intracellular proteins and peptides to detect pH effects in MRI. Nat Med 2003; 9: 1085-1090. – reference: Zhang S, Winter P, Wu K, Sherry AD. A novel europium(III)-based MRI contrast agent. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 1517-1578. – reference: Frahm J, Michaelis T, Merboldt KD, Bruhn H, Gyngell ML, Hanicke W. Improvements in localized proton NMR spectroscopy of human brain. Water suppression, short echo times, and 1 ml resolution. J Magn Reson 1990; 90: 464-473. – reference: Kintner DB, Anderson ME, Sailor KA, Dienel G, Fitzpatrick JrJH, Gilboe DD. In vivo microdialysis of 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate into brain: a novel method for the measurement of interstitial pH using 31P-NMR. J Neurochem 1999; 72: 405-412. – reference: van Zijl PCM, Zhou J, Mori N, Payen J, Mori S. Mechanism of magnetization transfer during on-resonance water saturation: a new approach to detect mobile proteins, peptides, and lipids. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 440-449. – reference: Ward KM, Aletras AH, Balaban RS. A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST). J Magn Reson 2000; 143: 79-87. – reference: Mori S, Eleff SM, Pilatus U, Mori N, van Zijl PCM. Proton NMR spectroscopy of solvent-saturable resonance: a new approach to study pH effects in situ. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40: 36-42. – reference: McGowan JC, Leigh JS. Selective saturation in magnetization transfer experiments. Magn Reson Med 1994; 32: 517-522. – reference: Balaban RS, Ceckler TL. Magnetization transfer contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Q 1992; 8: 116-137. – reference: Wuthrich K. NMR of proteins and nucleic acids. 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1986. – reference: Aime S, Barge A, Delli Castelli D, Fedeli F, Mortillaro A, Nielsen FU, Terreno E. Paramagnetic Lanthanide(III) complexes as pH-sensitive chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents for MRI applications. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47: 639-648. – reference: Hwang JH, Graham GD, Behar KL, Alger JR, Prichard JW, Rothman DL. Short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of macromolecule and metabolite signal intensities in the human brain. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35: 633-639. – reference: Zhou J, Lal B, Wilson DA, Laterra J, van Zijl PCM. Amide proton transfer (APT) contrast for imaging of brain tumors. Magn Reson Med 2003; 50: 1120-1126. – reference: Barker PB, Butterworth EJ, Boska MD, Nelson J, Welch KMA. Magnesium and pH imaging of the human brain at 3.0 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41: 400-406. – reference: Raghunand N, Howison C, Sherry AD, Zhang SR, Gillies RJ. Renal and systemic pH imaging by contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 249-257. – reference: Henkelman RM, Huang X, Xiang Q-S, Stanisz GJ, Swanson SD, Bronskill MJ. Quantitative interpretation of magnetization transfer. Magn Reson Med 1993; 29: 759-766. – reference: Mori S, Abeygunawardana C, van Zijl PCM, Berg JM. Water exchange filter with improved sensitivity (WEX II) to study solvent-exchangeable protons: application to the consensus zinc finger peptide CP-1. J Magn Reson B 1996; 110: 96-101. – reference: Pfeuffer J, Tkac I, Provencher SW, Gruetter R. Toward an in vivo neurochemical profile: quantification of 18 metabolites in short-echo-time 1H NMR spectra of the rat brain. J Magn Reson 1999; 141: 104-120. – reference: Liepinsh E, Otting G. Proton exchange rates from amino acid side chains-implication for image contrast. Magn Reson Med 1996; 35: 30-42. – reference: Goffeney N, Bulte JWM, Duyn J, Bryant LH, van Zijl PCM. Sensitive NMR detection of cationic-polymer-based gene delivery systems using saturation transfer via proton exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123: 8628-8629. – reference: Englander SW, Downer NW, Teitelbaum H. Hydrogen exchange. Annu Rev Biochem 1972; 41: 903-924. – reference: Kauppinen RA, Kokko H, Williams SR. Detection of mobile proteins by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the guinea pig brain ex vivo and their partial purification. J Neurochem 1992; 58: 967-974. – reference: Wolff SD, Balaban RS. NMR imaging of labile proton exchange. J Magn Reson 1990; 86: 164-169. – reference: Jeener J, Meier BH, Bachmann P, Ernst RR. Investigation of exchange processes by two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 1979; 71: 4546-4553. – reference: Wu X, Listinsky JJ. Effects of transverse cross relaxation on magnetization transfer. J Magn Reson B 1994; 105: 73-76. – reference: Kingsley PB, Monahan WG. Correction for off-resonance effects and incomplete saturation in conventional (two-site) saturation-transfer kinetic measurements. Magn Reson Med 2000; 43: 810-819. – reference: Mori S, Abeygunawardana C, Berg JM, van Zijl PCM. NMR study of rapidly exchanging backbone amide protons in staphylococcal nuclease and the correlation with structural and dynamic properties. J Am Chem Soc 1997; 119: 6844-6852. – reference: Behar KL, Ogino T. Characterization of macromolecule resonances in the 1H NMR spectrum of rat brain. Magn Reson Med 1993; 30: 38-44. – reference: Helpern JA, Curtis JC, Hearshen D, Smith MB, Welch KMA. The development of a pH-sensitive contrast agent for NMR 1H imaging. Magn Reson Med 1987; 5: 302-305. – reference: Snoussi K, Bulte JWM, Gueron M, van Zijl PCM. Sensitive CEST agents based on nucleic acid imino proton exchange: detection of poly(rU) and of a dendrimer-poly(rU) model for nucleic acid delivery and pharmacology. Magn Reson Med 2003; 49: 998-1005. – reference: Forsen S, Hoffman RA. Study of moderately rapid chemical exchange reactions by means of nuclear magnetic double resonance. J Chem Phys 1963; 39: 2892-2901. – reference: Zhou J, Fu R, Hu J, Li L, Ye C. Measurement of spin-lattice relaxation times of C-13 in organic solids. Solid State NMR 1997; 7: 291-299. – reference: Ward KM, Balaban RS. Determination of pH using water protons and chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST). Magn Reson Med 2000; 44: 799-802. – reference: Dagher AP, Aletras A, Choyke P, Balaban RS. Imaging of urea using chemical exchange-dependent saturation transfer at 1.5T. J Magn Reson Imaging 2000; 12: 745-748. – reference: Guivel-Scharen V, Sinnwell T, Wolff SD, Balaban RS. Detection of proton chemical exchange between metabolites and water in biological tissues. J Magn Reson 1998; 133: 36-45. – reference: Gochberg DF, Kennan RP, Maryanski MJ, Gore JC. The role of specific side groups and pH in magnetization transfer in polymers. J Magn Reson 1998; 131: 191-198. – volume: 49 start-page: 440 year: 2003 end-page: 449 article-title: Mechanism of magnetization transfer during on‐resonance water saturation: a new approach to detect mobile proteins, peptides, and lipids publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 5 start-page: 302 year: 1987 end-page: 305 article-title: The development of a pH‐sensitive contrast agent for NMR H imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 8 start-page: 116 year: 1992 end-page: 137 article-title: Magnetization transfer contrast in magnetic resonance imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Q – volume: 43 start-page: 810 year: 2000 end-page: 819 article-title: Correction for off‐resonance effects and incomplete saturation in conventional (two‐site) saturation‐transfer kinetic measurements publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 49 start-page: 998 year: 2003 end-page: 1005 article-title: Sensitive CEST agents based on nucleic acid imino proton exchange: detection of poly(rU) and of a dendrimer‐poly(rU) model for nucleic acid delivery and pharmacology publication-title: Magn Reson Med – start-page: 42 year: 2003 – volume: 105 start-page: 73 year: 1994 end-page: 76 article-title: Effects of transverse cross relaxation on magnetization transfer publication-title: J Magn Reson B – volume: 119 start-page: 6844 year: 1997 end-page: 6852 article-title: NMR study of rapidly exchanging backbone amide protons in staphylococcal nuclease and the correlation with structural and dynamic properties publication-title: J Am Chem Soc – volume: 49 start-page: 249 year: 2003 end-page: 257 article-title: Renal and systemic pH imaging by contrast‐enhanced MRI publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 131 start-page: 191 year: 1998 end-page: 198 article-title: The role of specific side groups and pH in magnetization transfer in polymers publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 29 start-page: 759 year: 1993 end-page: 766 article-title: Quantitative interpretation of magnetization transfer publication-title: Magn Reson Med – start-page: 878 year: 2001 – volume: 9 start-page: 1085 year: 2003 end-page: 1090 article-title: Using the amide proton signals of intracellular proteins and peptides to detect pH effects in MRI publication-title: Nat Med – volume: 86 start-page: 164 year: 1990 end-page: 169 article-title: NMR imaging of labile proton exchange publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 143 start-page: 79 year: 2000 end-page: 87 article-title: A new class of contrast agents for MRI based on proton chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST) publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 47 start-page: 639 year: 2002 end-page: 648 article-title: Paramagnetic Lanthanide(III) complexes as pH‐sensitive chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) contrast agents for MRI applications publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 143 start-page: 360 year: 2000 end-page: 375 article-title: Effects of off‐resonance irradiation, cross‐relaxation, and chemical exchange on steady‐state magnetization and effective spin‐lattice relaxation times publication-title: J Magn Reson – year: 1986 – volume: 12 start-page: 745 year: 2000 end-page: 748 article-title: Imaging of urea using chemical exchange‐dependent saturation transfer at 1.5T publication-title: J Magn Reson Imaging – volume: 141 start-page: 104 year: 1999 end-page: 120 article-title: Toward an in vivo neurochemical profile: quantification of 18 metabolites in short‐echo‐time H NMR spectra of the rat brain publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 50 start-page: 1120 year: 2003 end-page: 1126 article-title: Amide proton transfer (APT) contrast for imaging of brain tumors publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 32 start-page: 517 year: 1994 end-page: 522 article-title: Selective saturation in magnetization transfer experiments publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 41 start-page: 400 year: 1999 end-page: 406 article-title: Magnesium and pH imaging of the human brain at 3.0 Tesla publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 35 start-page: 633 year: 1996 end-page: 639 article-title: Short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of macromolecule and metabolite signal intensities in the human brain publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 44 start-page: 799 year: 2000 end-page: 802 article-title: Determination of pH using water protons and chemical exchange dependent saturation transfer (CEST) publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 39 start-page: 2892 year: 1963 end-page: 2901 article-title: Study of moderately rapid chemical exchange reactions by means of nuclear magnetic double resonance publication-title: J Chem Phys – volume: 41 start-page: 903 year: 1972 end-page: 924 article-title: Hydrogen exchange publication-title: Annu Rev Biochem – volume: 123 start-page: 8628 year: 2001 end-page: 8629 article-title: Sensitive NMR detection of cationic‐polymer‐based gene delivery systems using saturation transfer via proton exchange publication-title: J Am Chem Soc – volume: 35 start-page: 30 year: 1996 end-page: 42 article-title: Proton exchange rates from amino acid side chains—implication for image contrast publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 72 start-page: 405 year: 1999 end-page: 412 article-title: In vivo microdialysis of 2‐deoxyglucose 6‐phosphate into brain: a novel method for the measurement of interstitial pH using P‐NMR publication-title: J Neurochem – volume: 58 start-page: 967 year: 1992 end-page: 974 article-title: Detection of mobile proteins by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the guinea pig brain and their partial purification publication-title: J Neurochem – volume: 90 start-page: 464 year: 1990 end-page: 473 article-title: Improvements in localized proton NMR spectroscopy of human brain. Water suppression, short echo times, and 1 ml resolution publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 110 start-page: 96 year: 1996 end-page: 101 article-title: Water exchange filter with improved sensitivity (WEX II) to study solvent‐exchangeable protons: application to the consensus zinc finger peptide CP‐1 publication-title: J Magn Reson B – volume: 133 start-page: 36 year: 1998 end-page: 45 article-title: Detection of proton chemical exchange between metabolites and water in biological tissues publication-title: J Magn Reson – volume: 123 start-page: 1517 year: 2001 end-page: 1578 article-title: A novel europium(III)‐based MRI contrast agent publication-title: J Am Chem Soc – volume: 71 start-page: 4546 year: 1979 end-page: 4553 article-title: Investigation of exchange processes by two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy publication-title: J Chem Phys – volume: 7 start-page: 291 year: 1997 end-page: 299 article-title: Measurement of spin‐lattice relaxation times of C‐13 in organic solids publication-title: Solid State NMR – volume: 40 start-page: 36 year: 1998 end-page: 42 article-title: Proton NMR spectroscopy of solvent‐saturable resonance: a new approach to study pH effects publication-title: Magn Reson Med – volume: 30 start-page: 38 year: 1993 end-page: 44 article-title: Characterization of macromolecule resonances in the H NMR spectrum of rat brain publication-title: Magn Reson Med – ident: e_1_2_5_7_2 doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.41.070172.004351 – ident: e_1_2_5_26_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.10651 – ident: e_1_2_5_36_2 doi: 10.1002/1522-2594(200006)43:6<810::AID-MRM6>3.0.CO;2-J – ident: e_1_2_5_14_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.10347 – ident: e_1_2_5_32_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910350106 – ident: e_1_2_5_24_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.10463 – ident: e_1_2_5_28_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910290607 – volume: 8 start-page: 116 year: 1992 ident: e_1_2_5_27_2 article-title: Magnetization transfer contrast in magnetic resonance imaging publication-title: Magn Reson Q – ident: e_1_2_5_30_2 doi: 10.1006/jmrb.1994.1103 – ident: e_1_2_5_31_2 doi: 10.1063/1.438208 – ident: e_1_2_5_23_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.10106 – ident: e_1_2_5_39_2 doi: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0720405.x – ident: e_1_2_5_4_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.10398 – ident: e_1_2_5_21_2 – ident: e_1_2_5_8_2 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1992.tb09350.x – ident: e_1_2_5_17_2 doi: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1956 – ident: e_1_2_5_20_2 doi: 10.1021/ja0158455 – ident: e_1_2_5_38_2 doi: 10.1063/1.1734121 – ident: e_1_2_5_22_2 doi: 10.1021/ja005820q – ident: e_1_2_5_40_2 doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2594(199902)41:2<400::AID-MRM26>3.0.CO;2-E – ident: e_1_2_5_3_2 doi: 10.1021/ja963351f – ident: e_1_2_5_13_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910050313 – ident: e_1_2_5_16_2 doi: 10.1006/jmre.1998.1440 – ident: e_1_2_5_37_2 doi: 10.1016/S0926-2040(96)01283-0 – ident: e_1_2_5_10_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910350502 – ident: e_1_2_5_11_2 doi: 10.1006/jmre.1999.1895 – ident: e_1_2_5_29_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910320415 – ident: e_1_2_5_5_2 doi: 10.1038/nm907 – ident: e_1_2_5_18_2 doi: 10.1002/1522-2594(200011)44:5<799::AID-MRM18>3.0.CO;2-S – ident: e_1_2_5_19_2 doi: 10.1002/1522-2586(200011)12:5<745::AID-JMRI12>3.0.CO;2-H – ident: e_1_2_5_12_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910400105 – ident: e_1_2_5_15_2 doi: 10.1016/0022-2364(90)90220-4 – ident: e_1_2_5_34_2 doi: 10.1016/0022-2364(90)90051-A – ident: e_1_2_5_2_2 doi: 10.1006/jmrb.1996.0015 – ident: e_1_2_5_6_2 doi: 10.1051/epn/19861701011 – ident: e_1_2_5_35_2 doi: 10.1006/jmre.2000.2018 – ident: e_1_2_5_9_2 doi: 10.1002/mrm.1910300107 – ident: e_1_2_5_25_2 – ident: e_1_2_5_33_2 doi: 10.1006/jmre.1998.1371
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Snippet	The proton exchange processes between water and solutes containing exchangeable protons have recently become of interest for monitoring pH effects, detecting...
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SubjectTerms	amide proton Animals APT Brain CEST Ion Exchange ischemia Magnetic Resonance Imaging magnetization transfer mobile protein Models, Theoretical pH imaging proton exchange Protons Rats WEX
Title	Quantitative description of proton exchange processes between water and endogenous and exogenous agents for WEX, CEST, and APT experiments
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