Physical, mental and social consequences in civilians who have experienced war-related sexual violence: a systematic review (1981–2014)
To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014. Systematic review. For the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (int...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Public health (London) Jg. 142; S. 121 - 135 |
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| Format: | Journal Article |
| Sprache: | Englisch |
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Elsevier Ltd
01.01.2017
Elsevier Science Ltd |
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| ISSN: | 0033-3506, 1476-5616, 1476-5616 |
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| Abstract | To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014.
Systematic review.
For the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (intrastate, interstate, and internationalized intrastate). Quantitative and mixed-method studies, reporting any physical, mental, and social consequences, were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Global Health, Global Health Library, WHOLIS, Popline, and Web of Sciences (n = 3075) and from checking reference lists and personal communications (n = 359). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MetaXL. Given inherent variation, the means derived from combining studies were misleading; thus, we focused on the range of values.
The 20 studies were from six countries, five in Africa (18 studies), and especially in Democratic Republic of Congo (12 studies). The number of subjects varied from 63 to 20,517, with 17 studies including more than 100 subjects. Eight studies included males. Gang rape, rape, and abduction were the most commonly reported types of sexual violence. Sixteen studies provided data on physical outcomes of which the most common were pregnancy (range 3.4–46.3%), traumatic genital injuries/tears (range 2.1–28.7%), rectal and vaginal fistulae (range 9.0–40.7%), sexual problems/dysfunction (range 20.1–56.7%), and sexually transmitted diseases (range 4.6–83.6%). Mental health outcomes were reported in 14 studies, the most frequent being post-traumatic stress disorder (range 3.1–75.9%), anxiety (range 6.9–75%), and depression (range 8.8–76.5%). Eleven studies provided social outcomes, the most common being rejection by family and/or community (range of 3.5–28.5%) and spousal abandonment (range 6.1–64.7%).
Wartime sexual violence is highly traumatic, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes. The number and quality of studies published does not match the significance of the problem. The findings highlight the need for care of the survivors and their relatives and raise concerns about how they and their children will be affected in the long term.
•First systematic review on the health consequences of war-related sexual violence on civilians.•Twenty studies were found, with research mainly in Africa. Rapes and gang rapes are salient features with female and male victims.•Common physical outcomes included pregnancy, traumatic genital injuries, fistulae, sexual dysfunction and STDs.•Mental outcomes included PTSD, anxiety, and depression; while the main social outcomes were rejection and spousal abandonment.•There is limited precise, valid, systematic data documenting the scope, frequency and consequences of war-related sexual violence. |
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| AbstractList | To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014.
Systematic review.
For the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (intrastate, interstate, and internationalized intrastate). Quantitative and mixed-method studies, reporting any physical, mental, and social consequences, were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Global Health, Global Health Library, WHOLIS, Popline, and Web of Sciences (n = 3075) and from checking reference lists and personal communications (n = 359). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MetaXL. Given inherent variation, the means derived from combining studies were misleading; thus, we focused on the range of values.
The 20 studies were from six countries, five in Africa (18 studies), and especially in Democratic Republic of Congo (12 studies). The number of subjects varied from 63 to 20,517, with 17 studies including more than 100 subjects. Eight studies included males. Gang rape, rape, and abduction were the most commonly reported types of sexual violence. Sixteen studies provided data on physical outcomes of which the most common were pregnancy (range 3.4–46.3%), traumatic genital injuries/tears (range 2.1–28.7%), rectal and vaginal fistulae (range 9.0–40.7%), sexual problems/dysfunction (range 20.1–56.7%), and sexually transmitted diseases (range 4.6–83.6%). Mental health outcomes were reported in 14 studies, the most frequent being post-traumatic stress disorder (range 3.1–75.9%), anxiety (range 6.9–75%), and depression (range 8.8–76.5%). Eleven studies provided social outcomes, the most common being rejection by family and/or community (range of 3.5–28.5%) and spousal abandonment (range 6.1–64.7%).
Wartime sexual violence is highly traumatic, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes. The number and quality of studies published does not match the significance of the problem. The findings highlight the need for care of the survivors and their relatives and raise concerns about how they and their children will be affected in the long term.
•First systematic review on the health consequences of war-related sexual violence on civilians.•Twenty studies were found, with research mainly in Africa. Rapes and gang rapes are salient features with female and male victims.•Common physical outcomes included pregnancy, traumatic genital injuries, fistulae, sexual dysfunction and STDs.•Mental outcomes included PTSD, anxiety, and depression; while the main social outcomes were rejection and spousal abandonment.•There is limited precise, valid, systematic data documenting the scope, frequency and consequences of war-related sexual violence. To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014.OBJECTIVESTo identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014.Systematic review.STUDY DESIGNSystematic review.For the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (intrastate, interstate, and internationalized intrastate). Quantitative and mixed-method studies, reporting any physical, mental, and social consequences, were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Global Health, Global Health Library, WHOLIS, Popline, and Web of Sciences (n = 3075) and from checking reference lists and personal communications (n = 359). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MetaXL. Given inherent variation, the means derived from combining studies were misleading; thus, we focused on the range of values.METHODSFor the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (intrastate, interstate, and internationalized intrastate). Quantitative and mixed-method studies, reporting any physical, mental, and social consequences, were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Global Health, Global Health Library, WHOLIS, Popline, and Web of Sciences (n = 3075) and from checking reference lists and personal communications (n = 359). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MetaXL. Given inherent variation, the means derived from combining studies were misleading; thus, we focused on the range of values.The 20 studies were from six countries, five in Africa (18 studies), and especially in Democratic Republic of Congo (12 studies). The number of subjects varied from 63 to 20,517, with 17 studies including more than 100 subjects. Eight studies included males. Gang rape, rape, and abduction were the most commonly reported types of sexual violence. Sixteen studies provided data on physical outcomes of which the most common were pregnancy (range 3.4-46.3%), traumatic genital injuries/tears (range 2.1-28.7%), rectal and vaginal fistulae (range 9.0-40.7%), sexual problems/dysfunction (range 20.1-56.7%), and sexually transmitted diseases (range 4.6-83.6%). Mental health outcomes were reported in 14 studies, the most frequent being post-traumatic stress disorder (range 3.1-75.9%), anxiety (range 6.9-75%), and depression (range 8.8-76.5%). Eleven studies provided social outcomes, the most common being rejection by family and/or community (range of 3.5-28.5%) and spousal abandonment (range 6.1-64.7%).RESULTSThe 20 studies were from six countries, five in Africa (18 studies), and especially in Democratic Republic of Congo (12 studies). The number of subjects varied from 63 to 20,517, with 17 studies including more than 100 subjects. Eight studies included males. Gang rape, rape, and abduction were the most commonly reported types of sexual violence. Sixteen studies provided data on physical outcomes of which the most common were pregnancy (range 3.4-46.3%), traumatic genital injuries/tears (range 2.1-28.7%), rectal and vaginal fistulae (range 9.0-40.7%), sexual problems/dysfunction (range 20.1-56.7%), and sexually transmitted diseases (range 4.6-83.6%). Mental health outcomes were reported in 14 studies, the most frequent being post-traumatic stress disorder (range 3.1-75.9%), anxiety (range 6.9-75%), and depression (range 8.8-76.5%). Eleven studies provided social outcomes, the most common being rejection by family and/or community (range of 3.5-28.5%) and spousal abandonment (range 6.1-64.7%).Wartime sexual violence is highly traumatic, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes. The number and quality of studies published does not match the significance of the problem. The findings highlight the need for care of the survivors and their relatives and raise concerns about how they and their children will be affected in the long term.CONCLUSIONSWartime sexual violence is highly traumatic, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes. The number and quality of studies published does not match the significance of the problem. The findings highlight the need for care of the survivors and their relatives and raise concerns about how they and their children will be affected in the long term. To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014. Systematic review. For the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (intrastate, interstate, and internationalized intrastate). Quantitative and mixed-method studies, reporting any physical, mental, and social consequences, were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Global Health, Global Health Library, WHOLIS, Popline, and Web of Sciences (n = 3075) and from checking reference lists and personal communications (n = 359). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MetaXL. Given inherent variation, the means derived from combining studies were misleading; thus, we focused on the range of values. The 20 studies were from six countries, five in Africa (18 studies), and especially in Democratic Republic of Congo (12 studies). The number of subjects varied from 63 to 20,517, with 17 studies including more than 100 subjects. Eight studies included males. Gang rape, rape, and abduction were the most commonly reported types of sexual violence. Sixteen studies provided data on physical outcomes of which the most common were pregnancy (range 3.4-46.3%), traumatic genital injuries/tears (range 2.1-28.7%), rectal and vaginal fistulae (range 9.0-40.7%), sexual problems/dysfunction (range 20.1-56.7%), and sexually transmitted diseases (range 4.6-83.6%). Mental health outcomes were reported in 14 studies, the most frequent being post-traumatic stress disorder (range 3.1-75.9%), anxiety (range 6.9-75%), and depression (range 8.8-76.5%). Eleven studies provided social outcomes, the most common being rejection by family and/or community (range of 3.5-28.5%) and spousal abandonment (range 6.1-64.7%). Wartime sexual violence is highly traumatic, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes. The number and quality of studies published does not match the significance of the problem. The findings highlight the need for care of the survivors and their relatives and raise concerns about how they and their children will be affected in the long term. Abstract Objectives To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014. Study design Systematic review. Methods For the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (intrastate, interstate, and internationalized intrastate). Quantitative and mixed-method studies, reporting any physical, mental, and social consequences, were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Global Health, Global Health Library, WHOLIS, Popline, and Web of Sciences ( n = 3075) and from checking reference lists and personal communications ( n = 359). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MetaXL. Given inherent variation, the means derived from combining studies were misleading; thus, we focused on the range of values. Results The 20 studies were from six countries, five in Africa (18 studies), and especially in Democratic Republic of Congo (12 studies). The number of subjects varied from 63 to 20,517, with 17 studies including more than 100 subjects. Eight studies included males. Gang rape, rape, and abduction were the most commonly reported types of sexual violence. Sixteen studies provided data on physical outcomes of which the most common were pregnancy (range 3.4–46.3%), traumatic genital injuries/tears (range 2.1–28.7%), rectal and vaginal fistulae (range 9.0–40.7%), sexual problems/dysfunction (range 20.1–56.7%), and sexually transmitted diseases (range 4.6–83.6%). Mental health outcomes were reported in 14 studies, the most frequent being post-traumatic stress disorder (range 3.1–75.9%), anxiety (range 6.9–75%), and depression (range 8.8–76.5%). Eleven studies provided social outcomes, the most common being rejection by family and/or community (range of 3.5–28.5%) and spousal abandonment (range 6.1–64.7%). Conclusions Wartime sexual violence is highly traumatic, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes. The number and quality of studies published does not match the significance of the problem. The findings highlight the need for care of the survivors and their relatives and raise concerns about how they and their children will be affected in the long term. Objectives To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014. Study design Systematic review. Methods For the purpose of this study, we defined sexual violence as sexual torture including, individual rape, gang rape, and sexual slavery. All types of conflicts were included (intrastate, interstate, and internationalized intrastate). Quantitative and mixed-method studies, reporting any physical, mental, and social consequences, were retrieved from Medline, Embase, Global Health, Global Health Library, WHOLIS, Popline, and Web of Sciences (n = 3075) and from checking reference lists and personal communications (n = 359). Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MetaXL. Given inherent variation, the means derived from combining studies were misleading; thus, we focused on the range of values. Results The 20 studies were from six countries, five in Africa (18 studies), and especially in Democratic Republic of Congo (12 studies). The number of subjects varied from 63 to 20,517, with 17 studies including more than 100 subjects. Eight studies included males. Gang rape, rape, and abduction were the most commonly reported types of sexual violence. Sixteen studies provided data on physical outcomes of which the most common were pregnancy (range 3.4–46.3%), traumatic genital injuries/tears (range 2.1–28.7%), rectal and vaginal fistulae (range 9.0–40.7%), sexual problems/dysfunction (range 20.1–56.7%), and sexually transmitted diseases (range 4.6–83.6%). Mental health outcomes were reported in 14 studies, the most frequent being post-traumatic stress disorder (range 3.1–75.9%), anxiety (range 6.9–75%), and depression (range 8.8–76.5%). Eleven studies provided social outcomes, the most common being rejection by family and/or community (range of 3.5–28.5%) and spousal abandonment (range 6.1–64.7%). Conclusions Wartime sexual violence is highly traumatic, causing multiple, long-term negative outcomes. The number and quality of studies published does not match the significance of the problem. The findings highlight the need for care of the survivors and their relatives and raise concerns about how they and their children will be affected in the long term. |
| Author | Bhopal, R.S. Ba, I. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: I. surname: Ba fullname: Ba, I. email: iness.ba@gmail.com organization: Independent Researcher, Burkina Faso – sequence: 2 givenname: R.S. surname: Bhopal fullname: Bhopal, R.S. organization: Edinburgh Migration, Ethnicity and Health Research Group (EMEHRG), Centre for Population Health Sciences, Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK |
| BackLink | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27622295$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed |
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| Copyright | 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health The Royal Society for Public Health Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Copyright Elsevier Science Ltd. Jan 2017 |
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| Keywords | Civilian War Systematic review Rape Conflict Sexual Violence |
| Language | English |
| License | Copyright © 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. |
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| PQID | 2050622847 |
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| PageCount | 15 |
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| PublicationCentury | 2000 |
| PublicationDate | 2017-01-01 |
| PublicationDateYYYYMMDD | 2017-01-01 |
| PublicationDate_xml | – month: 01 year: 2017 text: 2017-01-01 day: 01 |
| PublicationDecade | 2010 |
| PublicationPlace | Netherlands |
| PublicationPlace_xml | – name: Netherlands – name: Houndsmill |
| PublicationTitle | Public health (London) |
| PublicationTitleAlternate | Public Health |
| PublicationYear | 2017 |
| Publisher | Elsevier Ltd Elsevier Science Ltd |
| Publisher_xml | – name: Elsevier Ltd – name: Elsevier Science Ltd |
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| Snippet | To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014.
Systematic review.
For the purpose of this study, we... Abstract Objectives To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014. Study design Systematic review.... Objectives To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014. Study design Systematic review. Methods For... To identify the health outcomes of sexual violence on civilians in conflict zones between 1981 and 2014.OBJECTIVESTo identify the health outcomes of sexual... |
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| SubjectTerms | Abandonment Aggression Anxiety Anxiety - psychology Child Children Civilian Civilians Clinical outcomes Conflict Crime Victims - psychology Crime Victims - statistics & numerical data Data processing Depressive Disorder Disease transmission Female Fistulae Gangs Global health Health status Humans Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Long term Male Males Medical libraries Mental depression Mental disorders Mental health Mixed methods research Physical trauma Post traumatic stress disorder Pregnancy Psychological Trauma - psychology Rape Rape - psychology Rectum Relatives Sex crimes Sex Offenses - psychology Sexual assault Sexual Behavior Sexual problems Sexual Violence Sexually transmitted diseases Slavery Social Stigma STD Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic - psychology Stress, Psychological - psychology Survivor Survivors - psychology Systematic review Torture Trauma Vagina Violence War Warfare |
| Title | Physical, mental and social consequences in civilians who have experienced war-related sexual violence: a systematic review (1981–2014) |
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