Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Test a Network Model of Perceptual Decision Making in the Human Brain

Previous research has suggested that the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is involved with visual decision making, and specifically with the accumulation of information leading to a decision. In humans, this research has been primarily based on imaging and electroencephalography (EEG), and as such onl...

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Published in:	Frontiers in human neuroscience Vol. 14; p. 4
Main Authors:	Luber, Bruce, Jangraw, David C., Appelbaum, Greg, Harrison, Austin, Hilbig, Susan, Beynel, Lysianne, Jones, Tristan, Sajda, Paul, Lisanby, Sarah H.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland Frontiers Research Foundation 24.01.2020 Frontiers Media S.A
Subjects:	Behavior Brain mapping Brain research chronometry Decision making EEG Electroencephalography Functional magnetic resonance imaging Human Neuroscience Information processing Latency lateral occipital complex Magnetic fields Mental task performance Neural networks Noise object discrimination Occipital lobe perceptual decision making Reaction time task Studies Temporal cortex Transcranial magnetic stimulation Visual cortex Visual discrimination lateral occipital complex chronometry transcranial magnetic stimulation perceptual decision making object discrimination
ISSN:	1662-5161, 1662-5161
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Abstract	Previous research has suggested that the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is involved with visual decision making, and specifically with the accumulation of information leading to a decision. In humans, this research has been primarily based on imaging and electroencephalography (EEG), and as such only correlational. One line of such research has led to a model of three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence to enable visual decision-making. The model predicted that disturbing neural processing in the LOC at a specific latency would slow object decision-making, increasing reaction time (RT) in a difficult discrimination task. We utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this prediction, perturbing LOC beginning at 400 ms post-stimulus onset, a time in the model corresponding to LOC activation at a particular difficulty level, with the expectation of increased RT. Thirteen healthy adults participated in two TMS sessions in which left and right LOC were stimulated separately utilizing neuronavigation and robotic coil guidance. Participants performed a two-alternative forced-choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-tested to approximate a 75% accuracy level. In an effort to disrupt processing, pairs of TMS pulses separated by 50 ms were presented at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs): -200, 200, 400, 450, or 500 ms. Behavioral performance differed systematically across SOAs for RT and accuracy measures. As predicted, TMS at 400 ms resulted in a significant slowing of RT. TMS delivered at -200 ms resulted in faster RT, indicating early stimulation may result in priming and performance enhancement. Use of TMS thus causally demonstrated the involvement of LOC in this task, and more broadly with perceptual decision-making; additionally, it demonstrated the role of TMS in testing well-developed neural models of perceptual processing.
AbstractList	Previous research using EEG, fMRI and behavioral performance modeling has led to a model of three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence to enable visual decision-making. The model predicted that disturbing neural processing in lateral occipital cortex (LOC) at a specific latency would slow object decision-making, increasing reaction time (RT) in a difficult discrimination task. We utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this prediction, perturbing LOC beginning at 400ms post stimulus onset, a time in the model corresponding to LOC activation at a particular difficulty level, with the expectation of increased RT. Thirteen healthy adults participated in two TMS sessions in which left and right LOC were stimulated separately utilizing neuronavigation and robotic coil guidance. Participants performed a two-alternative forced choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-tested to approximate a 75% accuracy level. In an effort to disrupt processing, pairs of TMS pulses separated by 50ms were presented at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs): -200, 200, 400, 450, or 500ms. Behavioral performance differed systematically across SOAs for RT and accuracy measures. As predicted, TMS at 400ms resulted in significant slowing of RT. TMS delivered at -200ms resulted in faster RT, indicating early stimulation may result in priming and performance enhancement. Use of TMS thus causally demonstrated involvement of LOC in this perceptual decision-making task, and demonstrated the role of TMS in testing well-developed neural models of perceptual processing. Previous research has suggested that the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is involved with visual decision making, and specifically with the accumulation of information leading to a decision. In humans, this research has been primarily based on imaging and electroencephalography (EEG), and as such only correlational. One line of such research has led to a model of three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence to enable visual decision-making. The model predicted that disturbing neural processing in the LOC at a specific latency would slow object decision-making, increasing reaction time (RT) in a difficult discrimination task. We utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this prediction, perturbing LOC beginning at 400 ms post-stimulus onset, a time in the model corresponding to LOC activation at a particular difficulty level, with the expectation of increased RT. Thirteen healthy adults participated in two TMS sessions in which left and right LOC were stimulated separately utilizing neuronavigation and robotic coil guidance. Participants performed a two-alternative forced-choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-tested to approximate a 75% accuracy level. In an effort to disrupt processing, pairs of TMS pulses separated by 50 ms were presented at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs): −200, 200, 400, 450, or 500 ms. Behavioral performance differed systematically across SOAs for RT and accuracy measures. As predicted, TMS at 400 ms resulted in a significant slowing of RT. TMS delivered at −200 ms resulted in faster RT, indicating early stimulation may result in priming and performance enhancement. Use of TMS thus causally demonstrated the involvement of LOC in this task, and more broadly with perceptual decision-making; additionally, it demonstrated the role of TMS in testing well-developed neural models of perceptual processing. Previous research has suggested that the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is involved with visual decision making, and specifically with the accumulation of information leading to a decision. In humans, this research has been primarily based on imaging and electroencephalography (EEG), and as such only correlational. One line of such research has led to a model of three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence to enable visual decision-making. The model predicted that disturbing neural processing in the LOC at a specific latency would slow object decision-making, increasing reaction time (RT) in a difficult discrimination task. We utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this prediction, perturbing LOC beginning at 400 ms post-stimulus onset, a time in the model corresponding to LOC activation at a particular difficulty level, with the expectation of increased RT. Thirteen healthy adults participated in two TMS sessions in which left and right LOC were stimulated separately utilizing neuronavigation and robotic coil guidance. Participants performed a two-alternative forced-choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-tested to approximate a 75% accuracy level. In an effort to disrupt processing, pairs of TMS pulses separated by 50 ms were presented at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs): -200, 200, 400, 450, or 500 ms. Behavioral performance differed systematically across SOAs for RT and accuracy measures. As predicted, TMS at 400 ms resulted in a significant slowing of RT. TMS delivered at -200 ms resulted in faster RT, indicating early stimulation may result in priming and performance enhancement. Use of TMS thus causally demonstrated the involvement of LOC in this task, and more broadly with perceptual decision-making; additionally, it demonstrated the role of TMS in testing well-developed neural models of perceptual processing. Previous research has suggested that the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is involved with visual decision making, and specifically with the accumulation of information leading to a decision. In humans, this research has been primarily based on imaging and electroencephalography (EEG), and as such only correlational. One line of such research has led to a model of three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence to enable visual decision-making. The model predicted that disturbing neural processing in the LOC at a specific latency would slow object decision-making, increasing reaction time (RT) in a difficult discrimination task. We utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this prediction, perturbing LOC beginning at 400 ms post-stimulus onset, a time in the model corresponding to LOC activation at a particular difficulty level, with the expectation of increased RT. Thirteen healthy adults participated in two TMS sessions in which left and right LOC were stimulated separately utilizing neuronavigation and robotic coil guidance. Participants performed a two-alternative forced-choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-tested to approximate a 75% accuracy level. In an effort to disrupt processing, pairs of TMS pulses separated by 50 ms were presented at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs): -200, 200, 400, 450, or 500 ms. Behavioral performance differed systematically across SOAs for RT and accuracy measures. As predicted, TMS at 400 ms resulted in a significant slowing of RT. TMS delivered at -200 ms resulted in faster RT, indicating early stimulation may result in priming and performance enhancement. Use of TMS thus causally demonstrated the involvement of LOC in this task, and more broadly with perceptual decision-making; additionally, it demonstrated the role of TMS in testing well-developed neural models of perceptual processing.Previous research has suggested that the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is involved with visual decision making, and specifically with the accumulation of information leading to a decision. In humans, this research has been primarily based on imaging and electroencephalography (EEG), and as such only correlational. One line of such research has led to a model of three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in temporal sequence to enable visual decision-making. The model predicted that disturbing neural processing in the LOC at a specific latency would slow object decision-making, increasing reaction time (RT) in a difficult discrimination task. We utilized transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to test this prediction, perturbing LOC beginning at 400 ms post-stimulus onset, a time in the model corresponding to LOC activation at a particular difficulty level, with the expectation of increased RT. Thirteen healthy adults participated in two TMS sessions in which left and right LOC were stimulated separately utilizing neuronavigation and robotic coil guidance. Participants performed a two-alternative forced-choice task selecting whether a car or face was present on each trial amidst visual noise pre-tested to approximate a 75% accuracy level. In an effort to disrupt processing, pairs of TMS pulses separated by 50 ms were presented at one of five stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs): -200, 200, 400, 450, or 500 ms. Behavioral performance differed systematically across SOAs for RT and accuracy measures. As predicted, TMS at 400 ms resulted in a significant slowing of RT. TMS delivered at -200 ms resulted in faster RT, indicating early stimulation may result in priming and performance enhancement. Use of TMS thus causally demonstrated the involvement of LOC in this task, and more broadly with perceptual decision-making; additionally, it demonstrated the role of TMS in testing well-developed neural models of perceptual processing.
Author	Beynel, Lysianne Lisanby, Sarah H. Jangraw, David C. Luber, Bruce Appelbaum, Greg Hilbig, Susan Sajda, Paul Harrison, Austin Jones, Tristan
AuthorAffiliation	2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, NY , United States 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , United States
AuthorAffiliation_xml	– name: 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, NY , United States – name: 1 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Duke University School of Medicine , Durham, NC , United States
Author_xml	– sequence: 1 givenname: Bruce surname: Luber fullname: Luber, Bruce – sequence: 2 givenname: David C. surname: Jangraw fullname: Jangraw, David C. – sequence: 3 givenname: Greg surname: Appelbaum fullname: Appelbaum, Greg – sequence: 4 givenname: Austin surname: Harrison fullname: Harrison, Austin – sequence: 5 givenname: Susan surname: Hilbig fullname: Hilbig, Susan – sequence: 6 givenname: Lysianne surname: Beynel fullname: Beynel, Lysianne – sequence: 7 givenname: Tristan surname: Jones fullname: Jones, Tristan – sequence: 8 givenname: Paul surname: Sajda fullname: Sajda, Paul – sequence: 9 givenname: Sarah H. surname: Lisanby fullname: Lisanby, Sarah H.
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Keywords	lateral occipital complex chronometry transcranial magnetic stimulation perceptual decision making object discrimination
Language	English
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Notes	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 14 content type line 23 Reviewed by: James Ralph Moeller, New York State Psychiatric Institute (NYSPI), United States; Justin Riddle, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, United States Edited by: Felix Blankenburg, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany Specialty section: This article was submitted to Brain Imaging and Stimulation, a section of the journal Frontiers in in Human Neuroscience Present address: Bruce Luber and Sarah H. Lisanby, Now at the Noninvasive Neuromodulation Unit of the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; David C. Jangraw, Now at the Emotion and Development Branch of the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Snippet	Previous research has suggested that the lateral occipital cortex (LOC) is involved with visual decision making, and specifically with the accumulation of... Previous research using EEG, fMRI and behavioral performance modeling has led to a model of three spatially distributed brain networks that activate in...
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SubjectTerms	Behavior Brain mapping Brain research chronometry Decision making EEG Electroencephalography Functional magnetic resonance imaging Human Neuroscience Information processing Latency lateral occipital complex Magnetic fields Mental task performance Neural networks Noise object discrimination Occipital lobe perceptual decision making Reaction time task Studies Temporal cortex Transcranial magnetic stimulation Visual cortex Visual discrimination
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Title	Using Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Test a Network Model of Perceptual Decision Making in the Human Brain
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