HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in the Modern ART Era: Are We Close to Discovering Reliable Biomarkers in the Setting of Virological Suppression?

The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, several grades of HIV-related cognitive impairment persist with effective ART and remain a clinical conc...

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Published in:Frontiers in aging neuroscience Vol. 11; p. 187
Main Authors: Bandera, Alessandra, Taramasso, Lucia, Bozzi, Giorgio, Muscatello, Antonio, Robinson, Jake A., Burdo, Tricia H., Gori, Andrea
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland Frontiers Research Foundation 02.08.2019
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ISSN:1663-4365, 1663-4365
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Abstract The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, several grades of HIV-related cognitive impairment persist with effective ART and remain a clinical concern for people with HIV (PWH). The pathogenesis of these cognitive impairments has yet to be fully understood and probably multifactorial. In PWH with undetectable peripheral HIV-RNA, the presence of viral escapes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might explain a proportion of cases, but not all. Many other mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in disease progression, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. As potential indicators of disease staging and progression, numerous biomarkers have been used to characterize and implicate chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of neuronal injuries, such as certain phenotypes of activated monocytes/macrophages, in the context of persistent immune activation. Despite none of them being disease-specific, the correlation of several CSF cellular biomarkers to HIV-induced neuronal damage has been investigated. Furthermore, recent studies have been evaluating specific microRNA (miRNA) profiles in the CSF of PWH with neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The aim of the present study is to review the body of evidence on different biomarkers use in research and clinical settings, focusing on PWH on ART with undetectable plasma HIV-RNA.
AbstractList The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, several grades of HIV-related cognitive impairment persist with effective ART and remain a clinical concern for people with HIV (PWH). The pathogenesis of these cognitive impairments has yet to be fully understood and probably multifactorial. In PWH with undetectable peripheral HIV-RNA, the presence of viral escapes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might explain a proportion of cases, but not all. Many other mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in disease progression, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. As potential indicators of disease staging and progression, numerous biomarkers have been used to characterize and implicate chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of neuronal injuries, such as certain phenotypes of activated monocytes/macrophages, in the context of persistent immune activation. Despite none of them being disease-specific, the correlation of several CSF cellular biomarkers to HIV-induced neuronal damage has been investigated. Furthermore, recent studies have been evaluating specific microRNA (miRNA) profiles in the CSF of PWH with neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The aim of the present study is to review the body of evidence on different biomarkers use in research and clinical settings, focusing on PWH on ART with undetectable plasma HIV-RNA.
The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, several grades of HIV-related cognitive impairment persist with effective ART and remain a clinical concern for people with HIV. The pathogenesis of these cognitive impairments has yet to be fully understood and probably multifactorial. In people with HIV (PWH) with undetectable peripheral HIV-RNA, the presence of viral escapes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might explain a proportion of cases, but not all. Many other mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in disease progression, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. As potential indicators of disease staging and progression, numerous biomarkers have been used to characterize and implicate chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of neuronal injury, such as certain phenotypes of activated monocytes/macrophages, in the context of persistent immune-activation. Despite none of them being disease-specific, the correlation of several CSF cellular biomarkers to HIV-induced neuronal damage have been investigated. Furthermore, recent studies have been evaluating specific microRNA profiles in the CSF of PWH with neurocognitive impairment. The aim of the present study is to review the body of evidence on different biomarkers use in research and clinical settings, focusing on PWH on ART with undetectable plasma HIV-RNA.
The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, several grades of HIV-related cognitive impairment persist with effective ART and remain a clinical concern for people with HIV (PWH). The pathogenesis of these cognitive impairments has yet to be fully understood and probably multifactorial. In PWH with undetectable peripheral HIV-RNA, the presence of viral escapes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might explain a proportion of cases, but not all. Many other mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in disease progression, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. As potential indicators of disease staging and progression, numerous biomarkers have been used to characterize and implicate chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of neuronal injuries, such as certain phenotypes of activated monocytes/macrophages, in the context of persistent immune activation. Despite none of them being disease-specific, the correlation of several CSF cellular biomarkers to HIV-induced neuronal damage has been investigated. Furthermore, recent studies have been evaluating specific microRNA (miRNA) profiles in the CSF of PWH with neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The aim of the present study is to review the body of evidence on different biomarkers use in research and clinical settings, focusing on PWH on ART with undetectable plasma HIV-RNA.The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of antiretroviral treatment (ART). However, several grades of HIV-related cognitive impairment persist with effective ART and remain a clinical concern for people with HIV (PWH). The pathogenesis of these cognitive impairments has yet to be fully understood and probably multifactorial. In PWH with undetectable peripheral HIV-RNA, the presence of viral escapes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) might explain a proportion of cases, but not all. Many other mechanisms have been hypothesized to be involved in disease progression, in order to identify possible therapeutic targets. As potential indicators of disease staging and progression, numerous biomarkers have been used to characterize and implicate chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of neuronal injuries, such as certain phenotypes of activated monocytes/macrophages, in the context of persistent immune activation. Despite none of them being disease-specific, the correlation of several CSF cellular biomarkers to HIV-induced neuronal damage has been investigated. Furthermore, recent studies have been evaluating specific microRNA (miRNA) profiles in the CSF of PWH with neurocognitive impairment (NCI). The aim of the present study is to review the body of evidence on different biomarkers use in research and clinical settings, focusing on PWH on ART with undetectable plasma HIV-RNA.
Author Muscatello, Antonio
Taramasso, Lucia
Bandera, Alessandra
Bozzi, Giorgio
Burdo, Tricia H.
Gori, Andrea
Robinson, Jake A.
AuthorAffiliation 1 Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
4 Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, PA , United States
2 Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano , Milan , Italy
3 Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Policlinico Hospital San Martino, University of Genova (DISSAL) , Genova , Italy
AuthorAffiliation_xml – name: 3 Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Health Sciences, School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Policlinico Hospital San Martino, University of Genova (DISSAL) , Genova , Italy
– name: 2 Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milano , Milan , Italy
– name: 4 Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University , Philadelphia, PA , United States
– name: 1 Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
Author_xml – sequence: 1
  givenname: Alessandra
  surname: Bandera
  fullname: Bandera, Alessandra
– sequence: 2
  givenname: Lucia
  surname: Taramasso
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  givenname: Giorgio
  surname: Bozzi
  fullname: Bozzi, Giorgio
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  givenname: Antonio
  surname: Muscatello
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  surname: Burdo
  fullname: Burdo, Tricia H.
– sequence: 7
  givenname: Andrea
  surname: Gori
  fullname: Gori, Andrea
BackLink https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31427955$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed
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Copyright © 2019 Bandera, Taramasso, Bozzi, Muscatello, Robinson, Burdo and Gori. 2019 Bandera, Taramasso, Bozzi, Muscatello, Robinson, Burdo and Gori
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– notice: Copyright © 2019 Bandera, Taramasso, Bozzi, Muscatello, Robinson, Burdo and Gori. 2019 Bandera, Taramasso, Bozzi, Muscatello, Robinson, Burdo and Gori
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Keywords Art
HIV
marker
AIDS
dementia
ANI
neurocognitive impairment
HAND
Language English
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Edited by: Wee Shiong Lim, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
These authors have contributed equally to this work
Reviewed by: Rachel Dara Schrier, University of California, San Diego, United States; James Alan Bourgeois, Baylor Scott and White Health, United States
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PublicationDate 2019-08-02
PublicationDateYYYYMMDD 2019-08-02
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  year: 2019
  text: 2019-08-02
  day: 02
PublicationDecade 2010
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PublicationTitle Frontiers in aging neuroscience
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Publisher Frontiers Research Foundation
Frontiers Media S.A
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Snippet The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of...
The prevalence of the most severe forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders is decreasing due to worldwide availability and high efficacy of...
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SubjectTerms Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIDS
ANI
Antiretroviral drugs
Antiretroviral therapy
Biomarkers
Cell activation
Cerebrospinal fluid
Cognition
Cognitive ability
Cytokines
Disease
HAND
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus
Infections
Macrophages
marker
miRNA
Monocytes
neurocognitive impairment
Neuroscience
Phenotypes
Proteins
Therapeutic applications
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Title HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Impairment in the Modern ART Era: Are We Close to Discovering Reliable Biomarkers in the Setting of Virological Suppression?
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