Real evaporative cooling efficiency of one-layer tight-fitting sportswear in a hot environment
Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing d...
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| Veröffentlicht in: | Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports Jg. 24; H. 3; S. e129 - e139 |
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Blackwell Publishing Ltd
01.06.2014
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| ISSN: | 0905-7188, 1600-0838, 1600-0838 |
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| Abstract | Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one‐layer tight‐fitting sportswear. Clothing materials Coolmax® (CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross‐section polyester fiber), merino wool (MW; 100%), sports wool (SW; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton (CO; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R2 >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one‐layer tight‐fitting sportswear. |
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| AbstractList | Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one‐layer tight‐fitting sportswear. Clothing materials Coolmax® (CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross‐section polyester fiber), merino wool (MW; 100%), sports wool (SW; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton (CO; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R2 >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one‐layer tight‐fitting sportswear. Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Clothing materials Coolmax(®) (CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross-section polyester fiber), merino wool (MW; 100%), sports wool (SW; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton (CO; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R(2) >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one‐layer tight‐fitting sportswear. Clothing materials C oolmax ® ( CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross‐section polyester fiber), merino wool ( MW ; 100%), sports wool ( SW ; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton ( CO ; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R 2 >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one‐layer tight‐fitting sportswear. Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Clothing materials Coolmax registered (CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross-section polyester fiber), merino wool (MW; 100%), sports wool (SW; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton (CO; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R2 >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Clothing materials Coolmax(®) (CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross-section polyester fiber), merino wool (MW; 100%), sports wool (SW; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton (CO; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R(2) >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one-layer tight-fitting sportswear.Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Clothing materials Coolmax(®) (CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross-section polyester fiber), merino wool (MW; 100%), sports wool (SW; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton (CO; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R(2) >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Real evaporative cooling efficiency, the ratio of real evaporative heat loss to evaporative cooling potential, is an important parameter to characterize the real cooling benefit for the human body. Previous studies on protective clothing showed that the cooling efficiency decreases with increasing distance between the evaporation locations and the human skin. However, it is still unclear how evaporative cooling efficiency decreases as the moisture is transported from the skin to the clothing layer. In this study, we performed experiments with a sweating torso manikin to mimic three different phases of moisture absorption in one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. Clothing materials Coolmax (CM; INVISTA, Wichita, Kansas, USA; 100%, profiled cross-section polyester fiber), merino wool (MW; 100%), sports wool (SW; 50% wool, 50% polyester), and cotton (CO; 100%) were selected for the study. The results demonstrated that, for the sportswear materials tested, the real evaporative cooling efficiency linearly decreases with the increasing ratio of moisture being transported away from skin surface to clothing layer (adjusted R2 >0.97). In addition, clothing fabric thickness has a negative effect on the real evaporative cooling efficiency. Clothing CM and SW showed a good ability in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. In contrast, clothing MW made from thicker fabric had the worst performance in maintaining evaporative cooling efficiency. It is thus suggested that thin fabric materials such as CM and SW should be used to manufacture one-layer tight-fitting sportswear. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT] |
| Author | Wang, F. Morrissey, M. Rossi, R. M. Annaheim, S. |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 givenname: F. surname: Wang fullname: Wang, F. email: faming.wong@gmail.com organization: Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland – sequence: 2 givenname: S. surname: Annaheim fullname: Annaheim, S. organization: Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland – sequence: 3 givenname: M. surname: Morrissey fullname: Morrissey, M. organization: Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland – sequence: 4 givenname: R. M. surname: Rossi fullname: Rossi, R. M. organization: Laboratory for Protection and Physiology, EMPA-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen, Switzerland |
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| Copyright | 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd |
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| Keywords | hot environment evaporative cooling efficiency sportswear heat balance equation sweat efficiency |
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Kicklighter TH, Edsall JR, Martin M. Effect of moisture-wicking garments on temperature regulation during exercise. Int J Athl Ther Trai 2011: 16: 9-13. Gavin TP. Clothing and thermoregulation during exercise. Sports Med 2003: 33: 941-947. McLellan TM, Pope JI, Cain JB, Cheung SS. Effects of metabolic rate and ambient vapour pressure on heat strain in protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996: 74: 518-527. Alber-Wallerström B, Holmér I. Efficiency of sweat evaporative in unacclimatized man working in a hot humid environment. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1985: 54: 480-487. ISO 9237. Textiles-determination of the permeability of fabrics to air. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 1995. Kerslake DM. The stress of hot environments. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1972. Gagge AP. A new physiological variable associated with sensible and insensible perspiration. Am J Physiol 1937: 120: 277-287. Wang F, Gao C, Kuklane K, Holmér I. Determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a sweating thermal manikin in an isothermal condition: heat loss method or mass loss method. Ann Occup Hyg 2011: 55: 775-783. Snellan JW, Mitchell D, Wyndham CH. Heat of evaporation of sweat. J Appl Physiol 1970: 29: 40-44. Havenith G, Richards MG, Wang X, Bröde P, Candas V, den Hartog E, Holmér I, Kuklane K, Meinander H, Nocker W. Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing: attenuation and "heat pipe" effects. J Appl Physiol 2008: 104: 142-149. Craig FN. Evaporative cooling of men in wet clothing. J Appl Physiol 1972: 33: 331-336. ISO 9920. Ergonomics of the thermal environment - estimation of thermal insulation and water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2007. AATCC 195. Liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics. Research Triangle Park, NC: American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), 2011. Gonzalez RR, Cheuvront SN, Montain SJ, Goodman DA, Blanchard LA, Berglund LG, Sawka MN. Expanded prediction equations of human sweat rate and water needs. J Appl Physiol 2009: 107: 379-388. Parsons K. Human thermal environments: the effect of hot, moderate and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance. London: Taylor & Francis, 2003. Nagata H. Evaporation of sweat on clothed subjects. Jpn J Hyg 1962: 17: 155-163. Tam HS, Darling RC, Downey JA, Chek HY. Relationship between evaporation rate of sweat and mean sweating rate. J Appl Physiol 1976: 41: 777-780. 1974; 36 1976; 41 2011 2010 2011; 81 2009 1962; 17 1996 2007 1996; 74 2011; 55 1995 1972 2008; 104 1993 1972; 42 2003 1998; 41 2011; 16 2011; 19 2012; 55 2003; 33 1955 1996; II 1982; 48 1979; 46 2011; 51 1963 1972; 32 2012; 27 1935; 9 2009; 107 1970; 29 1985; 54 1972; 33 1981; 10 1937; 120 1989 1996; 66 e_1_2_9_31_1 Burton AC (e_1_2_9_5_1) 1955 e_1_2_9_10_1 e_1_2_9_13_1 e_1_2_9_32_1 e_1_2_9_12_1 Havenith G (e_1_2_9_16_1) 2009 Snellan JW (e_1_2_9_33_1) 1970; 29 Parsons K (e_1_2_9_30_1) 2003 Craig FN (e_1_2_9_9_1) 1974; 36 ISO 9920 (e_1_2_9_21_1) 2007 Tam HS (e_1_2_9_35_1) 1976; 41 Gagge AP (e_1_2_9_11_1) 1996 ASTM F2370 (e_1_2_9_4_1) 2010 ISO 5084 (e_1_2_9_20_1) 1996 Murlin JR (e_1_2_9_27_1) 1935; 9 e_1_2_9_15_1 e_1_2_9_14_1 e_1_2_9_39_1 e_1_2_9_17_1 ISO 11092 (e_1_2_9_18_1) 1993 e_1_2_9_36_1 ISO 9237 (e_1_2_9_19_1) 1995 e_1_2_9_37_1 AATCC 195 (e_1_2_9_2_1) 2011 Kerslake DM (e_1_2_9_22_1) 1972 Kicklighter TH (e_1_2_9_23_1) 2011; 16 e_1_2_9_41_1 e_1_2_9_40_1 e_1_2_9_24_1 Sperlich B (e_1_2_9_34_1) 2011; 51 e_1_2_9_8_1 e_1_2_9_7_1 e_1_2_9_6_1 e_1_2_9_3_1 e_1_2_9_26_1 e_1_2_9_25_1 e_1_2_9_28_1 e_1_2_9_29_1 Wang F (e_1_2_9_38_1) 2011 |
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Heat of evaporation of sweat: thermodynamic considerations. J Appl Physiol 1972: 32: 456-459. – reference: McLellan TM, Pope JI, Cain JB, Cheung SS. Effects of metabolic rate and ambient vapour pressure on heat strain in protective clothing. Eur J Appl Physiol 1996: 74: 518-527. – reference: Henriksson O, Lundgren P, Kuklane K, Holmér I, Naredi P, Bjornstig U. Protection against cold in prehospital care: evaporative heat loss reduction by wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapor barrier - a thermal manikin study. Prehosp Disaster Med 2012: 27: 53-58. – reference: Rossi RM, Stämpfli R, Psikuta A, Rochsteiner I, Brühwiler PA. Transplanar and in-plane wicking effects in sock materials under pressure. Text Res J 2011: 81: 1549-1558. – reference: ASTM F2370. Standard test method for measuring the evaporative resistance of clothing using a sweating manikin. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International, 2010. – reference: Burton AC, Edholm OG. Man in a cold environment. London: Edward Arnold Publishers Ltd, 1955. – reference: Vokac Z, Kopke V, Keul P. Evaluation of the properties and clothing comfort of the Scandinavian ski dress. Text Res J 1972: 42: 125-134. – reference: Tam HS, Darling RC, Downey JA, Chek HY. Relationship between evaporation rate of sweat and mean sweating rate. J Appl Physiol 1976: 41: 777-780. – reference: Kissa E. Wetting and wicking. Text Res J 1996: 66: 660-668. – reference: Parsons K. Human thermal environments: the effect of hot, moderate and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance. London: Taylor & Francis, 2003. – reference: Candas V, Libert JP, Vogt JJ. Human skin wettedness and evaporative efficiency of sweating. J Appl Physiol 1979: 46: 522-528. – reference: Nagata H. Evaporation of sweat on clothed subjects. Jpn J Hyg 1962: 17: 155-163. – reference: ISO 9237. Textiles-determination of the permeability of fabrics to air. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 1995. – reference: Havenith G, Richards MG, Wang X, Bröde P, Candas V, den Hartog E, Holmér I, Kuklane K, Meinander H, Nocker W. Apparent latent heat of evaporation from clothing: attenuation and "heat pipe" effects. J Appl Physiol 2008: 104: 142-149. – reference: Snellan JW, Mitchell D, Wyndham CH. Heat of evaporation of sweat. J Appl Physiol 1970: 29: 40-44. – reference: Craig FN. Evaporative cooling of men in wet clothing. J Appl Physiol 1972: 33: 331-336. – reference: AATCC 195. Liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics. Research Triangle Park, NC: American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (AATCC), 2011. – reference: Alber-Wallerström B, Holmér I. Efficiency of sweat evaporative in unacclimatized man working in a hot humid environment. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1985: 54: 480-487. – reference: Kerslake DM. The stress of hot environments. 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A semi‐automatic respiration calorimeter publication-title: J Nutr – year: 1993 – volume: II start-page: 45 year: 1996 end-page: 84 – volume: 66 start-page: 660 year: 1996 end-page: 668 article-title: Wetting and wicking publication-title: Text Res J – volume: 81 start-page: 1549 year: 2011 end-page: 1558 article-title: Transplanar and in‐plane wicking effects in sock materials under pressure publication-title: Text Res J – volume: 36 start-page: 313 year: 1974 ident: e_1_2_9_9_1 article-title: Efficiency of evaporative cooling from wet clothing publication-title: J Appl Physiol doi: 10.1152/jappl.1974.36.3.313 – ident: e_1_2_9_12_1 doi: 10.2165/00007256-200333130-00001 – ident: e_1_2_9_25_1 doi: 10.1520/STP19485S – volume-title: Liquid moisture management properties of textile fabrics year: 2011 ident: e_1_2_9_2_1 – volume-title: The stress of hot environments year: 1972 ident: e_1_2_9_22_1 – volume: 16 start-page: 9 year: 2011 ident: e_1_2_9_23_1 article-title: Effect of moisture‐wicking garments on temperature regulation during exercise publication-title: Int J Athl Ther Trai doi: 10.1123/ijatt.16.6.9 – ident: e_1_2_9_29_1 doi: 10.1016/S0166-1116(08)71079-3 – volume: 51 start-page: 555 year: 2011 ident: e_1_2_9_34_1 article-title: Physiological effects of a new racing suit for elite cross country skiers publication-title: J Sports Med Phys Fitness – volume-title: Ergonomics of the thermal environment – estimation of thermal insulation and water vapour resistance of a clothing ensemble year: 2007 ident: e_1_2_9_21_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_15_1 doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00612.2007 – volume: 41 start-page: 777 year: 1976 ident: e_1_2_9_35_1 article-title: Relationship between evaporation rate of sweat and mean sweating rate publication-title: J Appl Physiol doi: 10.1152/jappl.1976.41.5.777 – volume-title: Textiles‐Determination of physiological properties – measurement of thermal and water‐vapor resistance under steady‐state conditions (sweating guarded‐hotplate test) year: 1993 ident: e_1_2_9_18_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_24_1 doi: 10.1177/004051759606601008 – ident: e_1_2_9_17_1 doi: 10.1017/S1049023X12000210 – volume-title: Clothing evaporative resistance: its measurements and application in prediction of heat strain year: 2011 ident: e_1_2_9_38_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_6_1 doi: 10.1007/s004840050073 – ident: e_1_2_9_10_1 doi: 10.1152/ajplegacy.1937.120.2.277 – ident: e_1_2_9_13_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_26_1 doi: 10.1007/BF02376767 – ident: e_1_2_9_41_1 doi: 10.1152/jappl.1972.32.4.456 – volume-title: Human thermal environments: the effect of hot, moderate and cold environments on human health, comfort and performance year: 2003 ident: e_1_2_9_30_1 – start-page: 20 volume-title: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics (ICEE) year: 2009 ident: e_1_2_9_16_1 – ident: e_1_2_9_32_1 doi: 10.1007/BF00421168 – ident: e_1_2_9_31_1 doi: 10.1177/0040517511413317 – start-page: 45 volume-title: Handbook of physiology. 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| Title | Real evaporative cooling efficiency of one-layer tight-fitting sportswear in a hot environment |
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